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字词 近代哲学
释义

近代哲学【英】

modern philosophy; recent philosophy (in the context of Karl Marx’s historical period)

译文来源

[1] Lukács, G. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics [M]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1968: 112.
[2] Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 21) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1974: 51.

定义

近代哲学是近代哲学思想、理论的统称。西方近代哲学指15世纪中期至19世纪40年代的西方哲学,可分为三个时期:由中世纪到近代的过渡期,即15~16世纪的“文艺复兴”时期;17~18世纪末,即近代哲学的中期;自18世纪末的康德哲学起,即近代哲学的晚期(《近代西方哲学》,via;http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=UfeK2e-pRnkhvlySJ7KFelHH_oz3djTIgwfnc7F_mt_JprOeXzIl9XU3bUTESrPZM9FOvhc8trmzcqaF2RyEXK - 3)。文艺复兴时期,人们的思想从空幻的彼岸世界回到了现实的此岸。追求科学知识,要求个性解放,反对宗教桎梏,是当时人们的一般精神面貌。自然和人成了当时思想界所研究的中心课题。在这一研究的过程中,形成了人文主义和自然哲学两股互相联系而又有一定区别的思潮。文艺复兴时期哲学的代表人物有普莱索、贝沙里扬和布鲁诺等。中期近代哲学时期,资本主义进一步发展,自然科学出现了分门别类的研究,现实世界成了可以由人类把握的对象,哲学的兴趣集中在主体与客体的关系,思维与存在的统一等问题上。真正的近代哲学也就是从这里开始的。近代哲学中期的代表人物有培根、笛卡尔、斯宾诺莎等。西方近代哲学晚期,哲学家们在不同程度上,以不同方式,运用辩证法总结前人的思想,促使西方近代哲学发展最高阶段。代表人物有康德、黑格尔等。中国近代哲学指的是1840~1949年中国半殖民地半封建社会时期的哲学,是中国近代资产阶级哲学产生、发展、演变,以及马克思主义哲学在中国的传播、同中国革命的具体实践相结合并取得胜利的哲学发展阶段(《中国近代哲学》,via:http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=NqKiP-rkwOJOP4kozfWzG_TUKFknpa05-GPRdSJETeJ5RHgpVylwH69qn298YkHF)。

定义来源

[1] 近代西方哲学.via;http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=UfeK2e-pRnkhvlySJ7KFelHH_oz3djTIgwfnc7F_mt_JprOeXzIl9XU3bUTESrPZM9FOvhc8trmzcqaF2RyEXK - 3
[2] 中国近代哲学.via:http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=NqKiP-rkwOJOP4kozfWzG_TUKFknpa05-GPRdSJETeJ5RHgpVylwH69qn298YkHF

例句

1. 报告人是否承认:恩格斯把哲学体系基本上分为唯物主义和唯心主义,把近代哲学中的休谟路线看作是介于两者之间、动摇于两者之间的中间派,称这条路线为“不可知论”并说康德主义是不可知论的变种?——《列宁全集(第十八卷)》,1988:1

1. Does the lecturer acknowledge Engels’ fundamental division of philosophical systems into idealism and materialism, Engels regarding those intermediate between these two, wavering between them, as the line of Hume in modern philosophy, calling this line “agnosticism” and declaring Kantianism to be a variety of agnosticism? -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 14), 1977: 15.

2. 弗·恩格斯在叙述自己和马克思对费尔巴哈哲学的看法的《路德维希·费尔巴哈》一书中(此书付排前,恩格斯重新阅读了他和马克思于1844-1845年写的论述黑格尔、费尔巴哈和唯物主义历史观的原稿)写道:“全部哲学,特别是近代哲学的重大的基本问题,是思维和存在、精神和自然界的关系问题。……什么是本原的,是精神,还是自然界?……哲学家依照他们如何回答这个问题而分成了两大阵营。凡是断定精神对自然界说来是本原的,从而归根到底承认某种创世说的人……组成唯心主义阵营。凡是认为自然界是本原的,则属于唯物主义的各种学派。”——《列宁全集(第二十六卷)》,1990:54

2. In his Ludwig Feuerbach—which expounded his own and Marx’s views on Feuerbach’s philosophy, and was sent to the printers after he had re-read an old manuscript Marx and himself had written in 1844-45 on Hegel, Feuerbach and the materialist conception of history -- Engels wrote: “The great basic question of all philosophy, especially of more recent philosophy, is the relation of thinking and being ... spirit to Nature ... which is primary, spirit or Nature.... The answers which the philosophers gave to this question split them into two great camps. Those who asserted the primacy of spirit to Nature and, therefore, in the last instance, assumed world creation in some form or other ... comprised the camp of idealism. The others, who regarded Nature as primary, belonged to the various schools of materialism.” -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 21), 1974: 51-52.

3. 马克思在完全不同的场合引用过维科的话:“人类史同自然史的区别在于,人类史是我们自己所创造的,而自然史不是我们自己创造的。”维科是直到后来才被理解,才变得有影响的一位思想家,而整个近代哲学则是通过不同于维科的途径提出这个问题的。从全面系统的怀疑论,从笛卡尔的我思故我在,经霍布斯、斯宾诺莎、莱布尼茨,走过了一条笔直的发展道路。它的一个重要的、变化多端的题目则是这样一种观点:因为认识对象是由我们自己创造出来的,因此,它是能够被我们认识的;以及只要认识对象是由我们自己创造出来的,那末它就是能够被我们认识的。——《历史与阶级意识:关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》,1996:178

3. Marx has recalled, in a quite different context, Vico’s remark to the effect that “the history of man is to be distinguished but not the other”. In ways diverging from that of Vico who in many respects was not understood and who became influential only much later, the whole of modern philosophy has be preoccupied with this problems. From systematic doubt and the Cogito ergo sum of Descartes, to Hobbes, Spinoza and Leibniz there is a direct line of development whose central strand, rich in variations, is the idea that the object of cognition can be known by us for the reason that, and to the degree in which, it has been created by ourselves. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1971: 112.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
日本近代哲学是以引进现代西方哲学为起点而开始其历程的。——《试论日本近代哲学思想的特点》,山东大学硕士学位论文,2008
The Japanese modem philosophy began its course from introducing the contemporary Western philosophy.

例句 2:
近代哲学实现了所谓的“认识论的转向”,确立了现代知识的标准。一般认为,近代哲学史就是认识论史,这个看法存在偏差。——“知识与价值之间的内在一致近代哲学认识论的批判性考察”,载于《学术月刊》2013年第10期
Modern philosophy achieves the so-called “epistemological turn” to establish a standard of knowledge. It is generally believed that the history of modern philosophy is epistemological history. In this opinion, there is deviation.

例句 3:
近代哲学的物质并不是以原子为典型的物质个别,而是心灵之外的全部真实存在的并可以通过感官感知的物质性实体的总和。列宁所界定的物质并不是包括全部客观实在的最高的物质一般,而是和近代哲学相同的、可感的物质性实体的总和。——“不是最高的物质一般而是可感物质实体之和——重新理解列宁的物质概念”,载于《延安大学学报(社会科学版)》2010年第4期
The concept of material held by modern philosophy is not the individual substance represented by atom, but the sum of sensible physical entities which are out of mind or spirit. Lenin’s mode of material is not the highest general substance of all objective being, but the sum of sensible physical entities as same as defined by early modern physical philosophy.

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