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字词 成本
释义

成本【英】

cost

译文来源

2016年政府工作报告.via:
http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2016-03/05/c_128775704.htm

定义

在经济学中成本是指厂商在从事商品和劳动生产或分配时所使用的生产要素的价值。对于厂商来说,他要把所购买的生产要素用于最获利的用途上来,因此经济学理论中是从机会成本的角度来考察成本。由于经济学中的成本是指机会成本,所以他与一般的会计成本不同。会计成本只包括购买原材料、劳动等的直接成本以及折扣、一般管理费等间接成本,这些显成本不包括正常利润,经济学中的成本不仅包括上述显成本,还包括属不正常利润的自有资金估算费用,风险费用等隐成本。例如企业主自由资金估算利息不包括在会计成本中,但却包括在经济学成本中。成本是经济学中一个重要的概念,成本-收益分析在经济学中有着广泛的运用。在成本分析中区分总成本、平均成本、边际成本加以讨论。(刘伟,1994:198)
 西方经济学从不同的角度对成本进行划分:首先,成本可以区分为企业成本和完全成本。厂商的企业成本是用通常的会计方法统计出的所有货币支出,这些费用包括厂商所有的货币支付和订立契约所规定的债务,以及厂房设备折旧的账面成本。厂商的完全成本是指企业成本加机会成本再加正常利润。正常利润包括企业主自己所投入的资金的利息和企业主自己投入的劳务的应得薪金。正常利润之所以被包含在完全成本的范畴之中,是因为从长期来看,这一利润是使得企业主长期留在该行业并使得产品得以生产的必要条件。如果企业主生产产品的卖价,仅仅能够补偿工资、原料和固定资本的折旧,那么企业主将把他的资金转移到其他行业,产品也将不在生产出来。
 其次,成本可区分为隐成本和显成本。隐成本是指厂商自己所提供的资源应支付的费用。如厂商自己所有的厂房设备的折旧费以及所投资金的利息,以及厂商所提供的劳务价值。隐成本有时也被看作正常利润。显成本是指以会计方法计入账面的成本费用,相当于上述企业成本。
 第三,成本又可以区分为固定成本和变动成本。固定成本是指那些即使厂商暂停生产也必须支付的费用,如厂商设备投资的利息、维修费、折旧费、保险费、某些税金以及对即使在停产企业也必须雇佣的工人支付的工资和薪金等。变动成本是指随产量增减而变动的成本,它包括劳动者的工资、原材料、燃料和动力等要素价格的支付。
 第四,从分析方法上成本可以分为总成本、平均成本和边际成本。总成本是厂商生产一定量商品和劳务的全部费用,它又可以区分为支出成本和非支出成本。前者是指在形式上必须由企业支付的那部分成本,如工资、利息、地租和原材料价格等。后者是指在形式上没有支付的由企业主所有的那部分成本,如折旧费和企业主 收入等。平均成本是指单位产量所分摊的成本。边际成本是指增加一个单位的产量所引起的总成本的增加量。
 第五,从时间上成本还可以分为短期成本和长期成本。由于短期中厂商的固定成本是无法改变的,因此短期成本包括固定成本和变动成本。而在长期中,厂商的生产规模是可以调整的,因此不存在固定成本和变动成本的区别。
 最后,在福利经济学中成本还可以分为对单个的生产者和消费者来说的私人成本和对社会整体而言的社会成本。(胡代光,1996:56)

定义来源

[1] 刘伟.经济学大辞典[Z].团结出版社,1994.
[2] 胡代光.现代西方经济学词典[Z].中国社会科学出版社,1996.

例句

1. 通过建立审计成本模型,分析重大资产重组引发的审计师变更行为。以2007—2012年A股上市公司为样本,实证分析重大资产重组、审计师行业专长和产权性质的共同作用对审计师变更行为的影响。研究发现,发生重大资产重组的上市公司,审计师变更的可能性更高;审计师行业专长能够抑制重大资产重组上市公司的审计师变更行为;审计师行业专长的抑制作用在国有产权性质的上市公司中更为显著。——《重大资产重组、审计师行业专长与审计师变更》,2014:30

1. Based on the established audit cost model, we analyze the auditor switching behavior arising from the material assets reorganization. Using a sample of A-share listed companies during the 2007--2012 period in China, we examine empirically the joint effects of material assets reorganization, auditor industry specialization, and ownership of auditor switching behavior. The results reveal that the likelihood of auditor switching increases after companies carry out material assets reorganization. Furthermore, auditors with industry specialization arc more likely to inhibit auditor switching behavior following material assets reorganization. Further findings show that the inhibition effects arc more significant in the nature of state ownership companies. -Quoted from Material Assets Reorganization, Auditor Industry Specialization, and Auditor Switching, 2014: 39.

2. 做好政府工作,必须高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜,全面贯彻党的十八大和十八届三中、四中、五中全会精神,以邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观为指导,深入贯彻习近平总书记系列重要讲话精神,按照“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局,坚持改革开放,坚持以新发展理念引领发展,坚持稳中求进工作总基调,适应经济发展新常态,实行宏观政策要稳、产业政策要准、微观政策要活、改革政策要实、社会政策要托底的总体思路,把握好稳增长与调结构的平衡,保持经济运行在合理区间,着力加强供给侧结构性改革,加快培育新的发展动能,改造提升传统比较优势,抓好去产能、去库存、去杠杆、降成本、补短板,加强民生保障,切实防控风险,努力实现“十三五”时期经济社会发展良好开局。——《2016年政府工作报告》,2016

2. To ensure that the government’s goal for this year is accomplished, we must do the following: hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics; implement the guiding principles of the 18th National Congress of the CPC and the third, fourth, and fifth plenary sessions of the 18th CPC Central Committee; follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development; put into practice the guiding principles from General Secretary Xi Jinping’s major policy addresses; work in accordance with the overall plan for promoting all-round economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy; continue reform and opening up; follow the new vision of development; follow the general principle of making progress while working to keep performance stable; adapt to the new normal in economic development; follow the general guidelines that macro policies should be stable, industrial policies targeted, micro policies flexible, reform policies practical, and that social policies should ensure basic needs; maintain a balance between ensuring steady growth and making structural adjustments; ensure that the economy operates within an appropriate range; strengthen supply-side structural reform; accelerate the fostering of new driving forces for development; strengthen traditional comparative advantages; cut overcapacity and excess inventory, deleverage, reduce costs, and strengthen points of weakness; strengthen basic safeguards for public wellbeing; prevent and control risks. By working to achieve all of these, we should get off to a good start in economic and social development during the period covered by the 13th Five-Year Plan. -Quoted from Report on the Work of the Government, 2016, 2016.

3. 稳健的货币政策要松紧适度。广义货币M2预期增长12%左右,在实际执行中,根据经济发展需要,也可以略高些。加强和改善宏观审慎管理,灵活运用公开市场操作、利率、存款准备金率、再贷款等货币政策工具,保持货币信贷和社会融资规模平稳增长。加快资金周转,优化信贷结构,提高直接融资比重,降低社会融资成本,让更多的金融活水流向实体经济。——《2015政府工作报告》,2015

3. We will pursue prudent and balanced monetary policy. The M2 money supply is forecasted to grow by around 12% in 2015, but the actual growth may be slightly higher than this projection depending on the needs of economic development. We will work to strengthen and improve macro-prudential regulation, adopt a flexible approach in our use of monetary policy tools including open market operations, interest rates, required reserve ratios, and re-lending, and maintain steady growth in the supply of money and credit as well as aggregate financing in the economy. We will speed up the turnover of funds, improve the credit structure, increase the proportion of direct financing to total financing, and reduce the cost of financing, thereby allowing more financial resources to be channeled into the real economy. -Quoted from Report on the Work of the Government, 2015.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
分析了输煤和输电全社会成本的构成,将系统投资成本、燃料成本、环境损失成本、可靠性成本之和定义为全社会成本,并提出输煤和输电全社会成本的评估框架,根据单位供电量的全社会成本进行输煤输电经济比较。——“基于全社会成本评估的输煤输电经济比较”,载于《天津大学学报》2015年第4期
The composition of total social cost was analyzed and an assessment framework of total social cost of coal transportation and electricity transmission was proposed in this paper. The total social cost was defined as the sum of investment cost, fuel cost, environmental loss cost and reliability cost.

例句 2:
补偿标准的空间差异体现在提供的生态系统服务和付出的成本两个方面。——“山区生态补偿保护成本的空间差异研究”,载于《中国人口·资源与环境》2016年第11期
The spatial difference of the criterion of PES is dependent on the spatial difference of ecosystem services and the cost of PES.

例句 3:
把营销成本引入需求率当中,研究了零售价格和营销费用同时影响产品需求情况下,网店运营商基于零售价、营销费用和订货批量的最优决策问题。——“考虑营销成本的网店运营商最优决策模型研究”,载于《物流技术》2016年第9期
In this paper, we introduced the marketing cost into the calculation of the demand rate and studied the optimal decision of an online store operator with regard to retail price, marketing cost and ordering quantity under the circumstances where both the retail price and marketing cost would influence product demand.

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