水平贸易【英】

horizontal trade

译文来源

How Trade Shows Work. via: http://money.howstuffworks.com/trade-show3.htm

定义

“垂直贸易”的对称。经济发展水平大体相当的国家之间所进行的贸易。发达国家相互间的贸易或发展中国家相互间的贸易，都称水平贸易（何盛明,1990：1163）。
这是战后国际分工变化的表现之一。 但一般所说水平贸易系指发达国家之间工业制成品、中间产品的贸易而言，即指工业制成品相互间的交换。或工业国家、经济发达国家相互间的商品交换。长期以来，在国际贸易中，水平贸易始终低于垂直贸易 (指比重)。直到二次大战后，情况发生了重大变化，即水平贸易所占比重开始大于垂直贸易所占比重。具体而言，是工业制成品相互贸易比重，经常大于工业制成品与原料品、初级产品之间的贸易比重；工业国、发达国家之间相互贸易比重经常大于工业国、发达国家与农业国，发展中国家之间的相互贸易（刘诗白,2000：3438-3439）。

定义来源

[1] 何盛明.财经大辞典（上卷）[Z].中国财政经济出版社,1990.
[2] 刘诗白,邹广严.新世纪企业家百科全书（第6卷）[M].中国言实出版社,2000.

例句

1. 实行这一措施就能按照全体人民的利益来调节信用事业，从而破坏大金融资本家的统治。实行这一措施就能逐渐以纸币代替黄金和白银，使资产阶级流通的必要工具，即一般的交换工具减价，因而就有可能把黄金和白银用到对外贸易上去。最后，为了把保守的资产者的利益和政府的存在联系起来，这个措施也是必要的。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第五卷）》，1958: 4

1. This measure will make it possible to regulate the credit system in the interest of the people as a whole, and will thus undermine the dominion of the big financial magnates. Further, by gradually substituting paper money for gold and silver coin, the universal means of exchange (that indispensable prerequisite of bourgeois trade and commerce) will be cheapened, and gold and silver will be set free for use in foreign trade. Finally, this measure is necessary in order to bind the interests of the conservative bourgeoisie to the Government. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 7), 1977: 4.

2. 在反对当时法国的国家干预政策中，布阿吉尔贝尔最早明确提出了“不要妨碍大自然行事”的主张经济自由的“自然规律”论。根据麦克库洛赫的考证，后来是奈穆尔在《论一门新科学的起源与演变》中第一次提出了“自然秩序”，并将其定位为“交换的自由、贸易的自由和使用其财富的自由”，并且，国家的法权必然是执行和应用自然秩序的结果。—— 《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009: 47

2. In promoting adherence to the natural order and in opposition to France’s interventionist national policies, the physiocrat Boisguillebert was the first to advocate “not hindering nature from handling matters,” proposing a free economic “natural law” theory. According to McCulloch’s research in Principles of Political Economy, Pont de Nemours work, On the Origin and Progress of a New Science, was the first to propose the concept of “ordre naturel” or “natural order.” McCulloch writes that the natural order is defined as freedom of exchange, freedom of trade, and the freedom to use one’s riches McCulloch also identifies Pont de Nemours as the first to propose that a country’s legal authority was the result of implementing and applying the natural order. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 21.