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字词 人身依附
释义

人身依附【英】

personal dependency; personal dependence; dependency on men

译文来源

[1]金炳华,冯契.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001:1180.
[2]Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 24) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1972: 312.
[3]Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 482.

定义

人身依附,是指农民(或农奴)在人格上对封建国家、贵族、官僚、地主(领主、封建主、农奴主、庄园主等)存在的依赖关系。在封建社会生产关系下,封建主占有基本的生产资料——土地,农奴或者农民虽然有一定的生产工具,但是没有或者占有极少数的土地,他们难以生存,为了维持自己的基本生活,他们被迫接受奴役性的条件,依附于封建主,放弃自己的人身自由,租种封建主的土地,获得生活所需。在农奴制的条件下,少数封建领主或农奴主占有土地、山林、草原和河流等绝大部分生产资料,并部分占有农奴。农奴为了从农奴主手中分得一块地,被束缚在土地上,他们必须无偿耕种领主土地,服各种劳役,并上缴大部分劳动产品。农奴制的地租形式主要是劳役地租,辅以少量的实物地租和货币地租,农奴主对农奴实行超经济的强制剥削,农奴对农奴主形成了人身依附关系。同时,农奴主在其领地范围内拥有行政、司法和军事大权,可以任意处罚农奴。在佃田制下,农民虽然不像农奴一样世世代代地被束缚在封建主的土地上,地主也不直接拥有行政、司法和军事大权,但农民会列入地主的名下,不能随意离开土地,地主依然可以处罚他们,在经济上、政治上仍然受地主的剥削压迫,人身依附关系依旧存在(乌廷玉,1992:573-579)。农民对封建地主的人身依附关系,是封建社会的一个基本特征,是封建主得以对农民实行超经济强制的基础。封建社会末期,随着自然经济渐趋瓦解和商品经济的发展,随着封建剥削由实物地租向货币地租的转化,人身依附关系逐渐削弱。封建人身依附关系的瓦解,是资本主义生产关系产生的前提。

定义来源

乌廷玉.中国租佃关系通史[M].吉林文史出版社,1992.

例句

1. 在中世纪的社会里,特别是在最初几世纪,生产基本上是为了供自己消费。它主要只是满足生产者及其家属的需要。在那些有人身依附关系的地方,例如在农村中,生产还满足封建主的需要。因此,在这里没有交换,产品也不具有商品的性质。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第十九卷)》,1963:223

1. In mediaeval society, especially in the earlier centuries, production was essentially directed toward satisfying the wants of the individual. It satisfied, in the main, only the wants of the producer and his family. Where relations of personal dependence existed, as in the country, it also helped to satisfy the wants of the feudal lord. In all this there was, therefore, no exchange; the products, consequently, did not assume the character of commodities. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 24), 1972: 312.

2. 第三,农民对地主的人身依附是这种经济制度的条件。如果地主没有直接支配农民人身的权力,他就不可能强迫那些分得土地而经营自己的经济的人来为他做工。——《列宁全集(第三卷)》,1986:161-162

2. Thirdly, a condition for such a system of economy was the personal dependence of the peasant on the landlord. If the landlord had not possessed direct power over the person of the peasant, he could not have compelled a man who had a plot of land and ran his own farm to work for him. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 3), 1977: 192-193.

3. 在马克思这里,与《1844年手稿》中对劳动异化的定性不同,这种资本主义经济现实中发生的劳动异化,在历史辩证法的客体向度中首先是进步的,人与人在客观关系上是不平等交换,是掠夺,片面性,客观颠倒,是不公正,但正是这种“恶”创造了魔鬼般的巨大生产力,然而它同时又必然是生产进一步发展的障碍;劳动异化在历史辩证法的主体向度上首先也是进步的,相对于过去的人身依附,它当然是一种解放,但是它又更深地形成新的物役性,造成主体性的沦丧,带来社会关系的异己性和对抗性。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:608-609

3. For Marx at this time, unlike his determination of labor alienation in the 1844 Manuscript, this labor alienation that takes place in capitalist economic reality is first progressive in terms of the objective dimension of historical dialectics. Objective inter-human relations are inequitable exchange, exploitation, one-sidedness, objective inversion, and unjust: this “evil” creates hellish productive force. However, at the same time, these relations are barriers to the further development of production. On the subjective dimension of historical dialectics, labor alienation is first progressive as well; relative to past dependency on men, this is of course a kind of liberation. However, on a deeper level, it leads to a new enslavement to material, to the loss of subjectivity, and causes alienation and conflict to enter social relations. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 482.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
中国社会从计划经济社会转向市场经济社会,个人与社会的联结方式从“人身依附关系”转向“物的依赖关系”。——“ 当代中国社会个人生活价值体系的历史性转换”,载于《吉首大学学报(社会科学版)》2014年第1期
When changing from planed economy to market economy in China, the connection between individual and the society also changed from personal bondage to material bondage.

例句 2:
由此塑造了西欧封建制度特有的人身依附关系、以保护和义务为原则的个人联合体、从土地中衍生出的各种权利这三个重要特点。——“试析中世纪早期西欧采邑制形成的社会基础”,载于《经济社会史评论》2015年第1期
In such a way, three characteristics, namely, the unique personal bondage of Feudalism in Western Europe, the polity of the personal alliance in principle of protections and obligations, the rights derived from the land, were carved out. 

例句 3:
现代化在本质上是一个从人身依附、个性束缚的传统共同体社会走向个体独立、个性自由的现代社会的进程。——“从社会革命到社会建设”,载于《浙江社会科学》2014年第2期
Modernization, in essence, is a process from the traditional community, which is characterized by personal reliance and restriction, to the modern society, which is  characterized by individual independence and personal freedom..

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