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字词 本体
释义

本体【英】

noumenon

译文来源

[1] Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 50.
[2] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:6.
[3] Noumenon. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noumenon

定义

一般认为,本体论的概念起源于古希腊,是由古希腊哲学家柏拉图和亚里士多德提出和发展的。对“本体”这个术语的追问可以溯源到希腊文“ousia”,“ousia”是“einai”的名词形式,其意义相当于英文的“being”—“存在”。“这个概念在现代东方汉语学术界的历史上曾被翻译为万有论、是论、存在论与本体论,但是大部分学者认为,从中国古代哲学的某些相应范畴与话语表述作参照性理解来看,翻译为本体论最为确切”(胡兆芹,2014:18)。“本体”这个哲学概念是人类思想认识活动产生的必然结果。求知是人类的天性,每个人经过思想认识活动都会从个别事物的产生都有一定原因的经验知识出发,经过演绎推理获得一个全部事物的产生必然有一个本源或本体的结论,在大脑中产生出“本体(本体事物)”的概念,都会产生出寻求天地万物的本体或本源,获得本体事物全面知识的意愿或意识,都会提出“天地万物的本体或本源究竟是什么?”这样的哲学问题。它哲学定义是:人类通过哲学思想认识活动从混沌自然中发现、界定、彰显和产生出来的,以人类思想理性或人类生存发展意识作为统帅,以判断和推理作为形式、以语言作为媒介的人类思想认识活动,是具有名称、时间、空间、价值等特殊规定,具有发现、界定、彰显、区分、抽象和产生各种事物的能力,具有事情或形而上者的容貌,有别于天地万物的具体事物(王堃,2014:272)。

定义来源

[1] 胡兆芹.本体与知识组织[M].中国文史出版社,2014.
[2] 王堃.普适计算[M].清华大学出版社,北京交通大学出版社,2014.

例句

1. 但是,黑格尔哲学体系的总体逻辑仍然是一种大写的类主体(绝对观念)自我指认的现象学:逻辑学中的“上帝之城”(类观念本体),异化且颠倒地表现为物性自然,以及社会历史——第二自然,通过劳动对象化导致现实的人的异化。所以,市民社会是一个现实的颠倒世界。这是从一般到个别(抽象到具体):个人(个别)与个人之间自发形成的市民关系(社会),不过是理念关系(抽象的一般观念)的物化。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:81

1. However, the overall logic of Hegel’s philosophical system is still a Species subjective (Absolute Idea), phenomenology of self-identification. The “Eden” in logic (species concept noumenon) is portrayed as material nature in an alienated and inverted way. Furthermore, social history - the second nature - causes the alienation of actual people through the objectification of labor. This happens especially when civil society is an actually inverted world. This is a movement from general to particular (abstract to concrete): the civil society (relationships) which is formed arbitrarily between individuals (respectively) is only the specifically represented as the materialization into economics of conceptual relationships (the abstract general concept); labor-value-money (credit). -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 50.

2. 从传统本体论的角度看,如果没有事物的类属与具体差别性的客观存在,就不可能出现人对自然对象的意识;而从认识论的意义上看,如果没有我们对事物具体种差的经验直观认识,也就不可能先验地获得经验背后的理性观念(事物类属的反映)。黑格尔颠倒了这种正常的现实关系和认知关系,他错误地将人的认识进程本体化为世界的客观进程,错误地将人类的主观认知结构硬化为世界的本质和规律(逻辑)。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:275

2. From the perspective of traditional ontology, if there is no categorization of things or particular, differentiated objective existence, then man cannot be conscious of natural objects. From the perspective of epistemology, if there is no empirical, perceptual understanding of the concrete categories of things, then we cannot grasp, a priori, the rational idea (the reflection of the categories of things) behind experience. Hegel reversed the normal, real, and cognitive relationships, incorrectly noumenizing the progression of man’s understanding into the objective progression of the world, incorrectly foisting mankind’s subjective cognitive structure into the essence and laws (logic) of the world. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 209.

3. 如前所述,在《精神现象学》中,黑格尔批判性地指认人们日常生活中所面对的感性意谓出发点的虚假性,因为感性存在实际上是由自我意识通过理念建构成的,这也就是说,在生活里我们常常看到的是现实的苹果、梨、草莓和扁桃之间的具体物性差别,而黑格尔则告诉我们更重要的是这些具体存在对象之间的“共同的东西”,即它们都是果实。因为,果实是在去除非本质的具体感性差别后得到的所有具体果实的本质,在黑格尔的总体逻辑中,本质不是直观的感性存在,而是一种理性抽象的观念。“这个抽象观念就是存在于我身外的一种本质,而且是梨、苹果等等的真正的本质”,这样,果实就是苹果、梨和扁桃等的“实体”。所以,观念也就是感性存在真正的本体基础。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:273

3. As we have already seen, in The Phenomenology of Spirit, Hegel critically identifies the falsity of the sensuous reference point in daily life, because sensuous existence is formed of the idea by the self-consciousness. That is to say, though in everyday life we see the concrete differences between apples, pears, strawberries, and almonds, Hegel tells us that what is most important is the “common material” that concretely exists between these things - the fact that they are all fruits. Because the concept of “fruit” is the essence of all particular fruits after having eliminated all the non-essential, specific, and sensuous differences, in Hegel’s general logic, the essence is not perceptual, sensuous existence, but rather a rational, abstract idea. “[This abstract idea] is an entity existing outside me…it is indeed the true essence of the pear, the apple, etc.,” thus, Fruit is the “Substance” of the pear, the apple, the almond, etc. Thus the idea becomes the true noumenon foundation of sensuous existence. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 208.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
蕺山认为本体与工夫是内在统一的,本体是工夫的依据和提领,工夫是本体的展开与落实即本体而言工夫,工夫不流于支离;即工夫而言本体,本体不沦于玄虚。——“刘宗周“本体与工夫”的语境分析”,载于《河北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2006年第4期
In the viewpoint of Jishan (LIU Zong-zhou), the noumenon and Gongfu is of the intrinsic integrity and the noumenon is the base and leading of Gongfu while Gongfu is the spread and practice of the noumenon.

例句 2:
20世纪三四十年代出现的生命哲学思潮中,宗白华以美学独具一格。宗白华之所以选择美学,不仅是出于个人的学术偏好,而且是出于对生命本体的深刻认识。——“宗白华美学与生命哲学”,载于《北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2000年第2期
Zong Baihua’s aesthetics has special characteristics in the trent of Lebensphilosophie which prevailed in the first half of the 20thcentury in China. Zong chooses aesthetics not only because of his academic taste, but also his deep knowledge of life noumenon.

例句 3:
按照马克思的思想,在人类产生以前物质是世界的惟一本体,人类产生以后,世界是物质本体与实践本体交互作用的产物。——“马克思的本体论思想及其现代意义”,载于《中国人民大学学报》,2003年第1期
According to Marx, matter is the only noumenon of the world before the existence of human being.

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