字词 | 他者 |
释义 | 他者【英】the Other; otherness译文来源[1] Zhang Yibing. A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek [M]. Berlin: Canut International Publishers, 2011: 1. 定义他者(autre),法国拉康用语。指与自我相对的对象。他从精神分析学出发,把无意识理解为一种语言结构,认为无意识是与他者的对话,也指由主体所体现出来的语言秩序。这种语言秩序既创造了贯通个人的文化,又创造了主体的无意识。拉康认为主体的结构不是纯粹知觉的结果,而是通过身体作为中介才形成认识结构,它打破了主体客体的二元体系,说明认识是主体、身体和客体三者构成的关系。这种主体的结构关系可以推广到社会,说明主体不是独立的,而是在复杂结构中,一个人把他者作为对象,而他者也把这个人作为对象。主体不是一个孤立的点,他处在结构之中(金炳华,2003:1037)。他者对于自我的定义、建构和完善必不可少,自我的形成依赖于自我与他者的差异、依赖于自我成功地将自己与他者区分开来。善之所为善,是因为有恶,好之所以为好,是因为有坏。自我的建构依赖于对他者的否定。他者的概念在西方哲学中有深厚的渊源,在后现代西方文学批评中被广泛使用。由于它暗示了边缘、属下、低级、被压迫、被排挤的状况,因此对于那些追求正义、平等、自由和解放的西方文论派别来说具有重要的意义,成为它们进行理论建构和具体批评的重要工具(张剑,2011:118)。“他者”是一个关系概念,存在于两组关系之中,一为同一(One)/同者(Same)与他者(Other);一为自我(Self)/主体(Subject)与他者(Other),有时后一组关系为前一组关系的具体表现。同时“他者”体现出三种不同的属性,即差异性、从属性和建构性,这三种属性又紧密联系在一起,在不同的语境中侧重有所不同。只有仔细辨别“他者”在不同领域中的具体用法和不同所指,才能更好地理解此概念及相关理论,进而挖掘和运用其中可供借鉴的思想资源(胡亚敏等,2013:166)。在文学批评中,各种后现代的“他者诗学”都旨在分析和揭露他者化过程中形成的霸权和压迫,揭露同者在身体、性别、语言、文化、意识形态方面对他者实施的暴力,分析他者的属下地位,分析他者对霸权的反抗,以及这种反抗所采用的各种各样的策略。通过揭露和分析,“他者诗学”旨在对压迫性的二元对立关系进行颠覆,实现他者的解放。 定义来源[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003. 例句1. 这种同一性中的非同一性,本身就是矛盾。用黑格尔的话来表述,就是“它的他者”(its otherness)。这又是一种很深的辩证关系。实际上,这一关系式的原韧形态是费希特实现自我的“非我”,这种不是我的我阐释了一种深层的同体关联。后来,黑格尔在本体论上以走向他者的反射规定来实现主体,其最精彩的隐喻式关系说明是《精神现象学》中描述的主奴关系。这一观点,后来也被拉康以及德里达和萨伊德的后殖民主义文化批判中以大写的“Other”所挪用。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:37 1. Such nonidentity in identity is contradiction itself. As Hegel puts it, it is “its otherness.” Again, what we read here is a deep dia1ectics. Actually, the primary form of this formula is Fichte’s self-realizing “non-I”; the I αs non-I illustrates a deep correlation. Afterwards, Hegel in ontology uses the reflective rule of “toward otherness” to realize subjectivity. The most brilliant explanation of metaphorical relation is what Phenomenology of Spirit says on master-slave relationship. The “Other” in Derrida and Said’s post-colonialism is a latter appropriation of this point. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 63. 2. 第三,辩证法的非同一性是一种他者对同一性的永远的抵抗。阿多诺认为,这个作为他者的“非同一物不像某种自身是肯定的东西那样可直接在得,也不是靠对否定之物的否定来获得”。阿多诺要在这里出新。他认为,黑格尔那里“在辩证法的最核心之处一种反辩证法的原则占了优势”,即否定之否定还等于肯定。固然黑格尔承认矛盾,但他总是以“同一性来平息矛盾”;他也标举否定和批判,但这种否定的目的还是重新肯定。于是,“否定之否定也是一种同一性,一种新的幻觉,是推论的逻辑——最终是主观性原则——对绝对的投射”。阿多诺说,这种负负得正的逻辑正是一种更狡猾的“同一化的精髓”。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:37 2. Third, nonidentity of dialectics is a nonstop resistance against identity on the part of the other. Adorno maintains that, for the other, the non-identical is not to be obtained directly, as something positive on its part, nor is it obtainable by a negation of the negative. Adorno intends to create something new here. He thinks, for Hegel, what, thus wins out in the inmost core of dialectics is the anti-dialectical principle, which means the negation of negation is positivity. Although Hegel acknowledges contradictoriness, he a1ways uses “identity to ease contradiction”; he advocates negation and critique as well, but the goal of such negation is still affirmation. Therefore, “the negation of negation would be another identity, a new delusion, a projection of consequential-and ultimately of the principle of subjectivity upon the absolute.” Adorno says, such logic of double negation getting to positivity is a slyer “core of identification.” -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 63-64. 3. 阿多诺说,唯心主义哲学家们不会想到,“正是由于把精神规定为一种活动,才内在地迫使哲学从精神走向精神的他者(Anderem)”。前面的讨论中我们已经知道,这个“他者”实际上就是精神想摆脱而又无法真正摆脱的现实社会历史起源。也因此,在费希特那里,“只有当自我本身也是非我时,自我才对非我做出反应,才‘做'某种事情。只有这样,‘做’(das Tun)才是思维”。没有对象,主体即是虚元,只有面对对象支配对象,才会构成主体,支配活动本身才有可能被精神化和本体化。这是黑格尔的绝对观念和海德格尔抽象地功能化理解的存在的秘密。阿多诺认为,也由此,思维如果总是在自身本体性的生成建构中包含异己的对象,这就必然“破除了思维高于它的他者的至上性”,包括作为“一切活动的最高抽象——先验的功能——不应具有先于实际起源的优先地位”,这就恰恰打破了唯心主义本身的第一性原则。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:71 3. Adorno says, the idealists neglect the fact that “it is the mind’s definition as an activity which immanently compels philosophy to pass from the mind to its otherness.” As mentioned in the above discussion, the “other” actually originates the real social history that the mind attempts to rid but fails in vain. Therefore, with Fichte, “only if the I on its part is also not I does it react to the not-I. Only then does it ‘do’ something. Only then would the doing (das tun) itself be making.” Without object, the subject tums into nothingness; only in face of the object and in domination of the object, the subject is constructed, its ruling activity becoming mental and ontological. This is the secret accounting for the genesis of Hegel’s absolute concept and Heidegger’s abstract and functional interpretation of being. Adorno hence believes that thinking breaks the supremacy of thinking over its otherness, because thinking always is otherness already, within itself. Hence the supreme abstraction of all activity, the transcendental function, does not deserve to be ranked above the factual geneses. This precisely breaks the primacy principle of idealism itself. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 108-109. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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