专制主义【英】

absolutism; despotism; autocratism

译文来源

[1] Despotism.via:http://www.thefreedictionary.com/despotism
[2] Absolutism - definition of absolutism by The Free Dictionary.via:http://www.thefreedictionary.com/absolutism
[3] Autocracy.via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy

定义

专制主义是政治学概念，是指最高统治者独揽国家大权的政体。在专制主义下，政府十分盛行“领导者个人决定一切、独断专行的体制和思想作风。”（金炳华，2003：339）“专制”一词最早见于希腊语，意思是把权力授予一个人行使的治理方式，并无贬意。之后随着暴力统治的发展，专制就成为暴君、独裁、寡头政治的同义词。因此，专制主义的具有如下特征：专制者个人拥有至高无上的权力，而且不受任何法定程序的限制与监督；专制者可以为所欲为，不对自己的政治行为承担相应的法律责任；专制者以言代法，任用大批官员走卒代表自己实施政治权力，自上而下地建立起宠大的统治网络，而广大人民群众则被剥夺了自由和人权。专制主义是有阶级社会中的最严酷的政治统治方式之一，是私有制在历史发展中的必然结果。奴隶主国家和封建主国家采取的是君主专制主义；资产阶级国家则以德国、意大利和日本的法西斯主义为典型。值得注意的是，专制主义往往被认为的政治统治的形式，但是它并不局限于政治领域。在经济领域、教育领域、文化和思想领域、意识形态领域等各个方面都有较为特殊的表现形式。比如，在经济领域中，专制主义可以体现为企业或公司的领导者刚愎自用、独断独行的工作态度和思想作风。（迟福林等，1992.）

定义来源

迟福林,张占斌. 邓小平著作学习大辞典[Z].山西经济出版社,1992.

例句

1. 旧的封建贵族绝大部分在农民战争中被消灭了，剩下的或者是直属帝国的小诸侯，或者是些小地主，或者是些乡居的容克地主；这些小诸侯逐渐取得相当的独立地位并在极小的偏僻的地区内仿效君主专制；这些小地主在小庄园内耗尽了 自己的微产，后来就靠在小邦军队和政府办公室中找个小职位以糊口；而这些乡居的容克地主过的生活在最不讲究的英国乡绅或法国gentilhomme de province（乡绅）看来都是不体面的。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第三卷）：德意志意识形态》，1956：212

1. The old feudal aristocracy was, for the most part, annihilated in the peasant wars; what remained of it were either imperial petty princes who gradually achieved a certain independence and aped the absolute monarchy on a minute, provincial scale, or lesser landowners who partly squandered their little bit of property at the tiny courts, and then gained their livelihood from petty positions in the small armies and government offices or, finally, Junkers from the backwoods, who lived a life of which even the most modest English squire or French gentilhomme de province would have been ashamed. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5): The German Ideology, 1975: 194.

2. “自由主权”可以有两种理解，一种是说自由纯粹是国土的个人的思想方式，因而，也就是他的个人特性；另一种是说自由是主权的精神，因而已经或者至少是应当通过自由的机构和法律获得实现。在前一种情况下，我们碰到的是开明的专制，它把君主个人同作为无生气的、不自由的实体的国家整体相对立。在后一种情况下，则不是把君主限制在他个人的狭窄的框框里，而是把整个国家看作他的躯体，于是，各种机构是他生存和活动的器官，而法律是他用来观察事物的眼睛——这就是《莱茵报》的观点。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第四十卷）》，1982：351

2. “Liberal sovereignty” can be understood in two ways: either that freedom is merely the personal frame of mind of the King, and therefore his personal quality, or that freedom is the spirit of sovereignty, and is therefore realised, or at least should be realised, also through free institutions and laws. In the former case we have a despotisme éclairé, and the person of the prince is contrasted to the state as a whole as to a mindless and unfree material. In the latter case, and this was the view of the Rh. Z., one does not confine the prince within the bounds of his personality, but regards the whole state as his body, so that the institutions are the organs in which he lives and acts, and the laws are the eves by which he sees. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 01), 1975: 362.

3. 凌驾于这一切之上的政府，其专制意图在形式上仅受到不多的限制，而且这多半只是为了装装样子，实际上它遇到的障碍并不多。按其本质讲，它是保守的，而贵族、资产者和尽情挥霍享乐的庸人，也是如此。农民由于乡村居民所特有的分散性，不能成为有组织的反对力量。他们对政府的全部要求就是，自己活也让别人活，奥地利政府早已懂得这一点。因此，制造仅仅停留在纸面上的法律和命令的做法之所以达到登峰造极的程度并被奉为原则，虽然也还有其他原因，但主要是上述情况造成的;此外，这种情况造成的行政上惊人的腐败，确实超出我所能设想的程度。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第三十九卷）》，1974：133

3. Above all this there hovers a government whose absolutist proclivities are subject to few formal, and these for the most part only fictive, restraints; nor, in practice, does it encounter many obstacles. For it is by its nature conservative and so, too, is your aristocrat, your bourgeois and your philistine bon vivant. The peasant, however, in his rural isolation, cannot achieve any organised opposition. What is wanted of the government is that it should live and let live, and this is something at which the Austrian government has always been adept. Hence the fabrication-explicable also on other grounds-of laws and regulations that exist only on paper, hence, too, the extremes to which that process is taken, its elevation into a principle and the astonishing administrative slippiness which, I must say, exceeded anything I could have imagined. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 50), 2004: 200.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
“中国专制主义”问题，应通过各个同类政权的综合比较，在“系谱”中予以判断。——“政体类型学视角中的‘中国专制主义’问题”，载于《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2012年第6期
Chinese absolutism should be judged in a lineage by a comprehensive comparison between politicalregimes of the same type.

例句 2：
清末新政是中国近代历史上最后一次封建王朝的自救运动，它在军事、教育、经济改革上取得了一定的成绩，在政治上主张革除专制主义制度的弊病，实行君主立宪制度。——“清末新政失败原因新解——以路径依赖为视角”，载于《石河子大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2012年第5期
The new policies practiced in late Qing Dynasty is a self-saving movement by the last feudal dynasty in Chinese modern history. It has made some achievements in military, educational, economic reform and it advocates getting rid of the shortcomings of absolutism and practicing constitutional monarchy.

例句 3：
中国封建专制主义的本质是政治权力全面支配社会。——“孙中山对封建专制主义的批判”，载于《广东广播电视大学学报》2013年第6期
The essence of the Chinese feudalism and absolutism is that political power completely dominates the societyand controls everything.