资本积累【英】

the accumulation of capital; capital accumulation

译文来源

[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 28) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1986: 245, 430.
[2] Capital Accumulation.via:
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capitalaccumulation.asp

定义

资本积累是剩余价值转化为资本，即剩余价值的资本化。资本家把从雇佣劳动那里剥削来的剩余价值的一部分用于个人消费，另一部分转化为资本，用于购买扩大生产规模所需追加的生产资料和劳动力。因此，剩余价值是资本积累的源泉，资本积累则是资本主义扩大再生产的前提条件。在剩余价值分为积累基金和消费基金的比例一定的条件下，资本积累量取决于剩余价值的绝对量，因而一切决定剩余价值的因素，都会影响资本积累规模。资本积累的规模与剩余价值的量成正比，资本家占有的剩余价值越多，资本积累的规模就越增大；而资本积累的规模越大，资本家可以获得的剩余价值也就越多。资本积累的实质是资本家将其无偿占有的剩余价值的一部分再转化为资本，用来购买追加的生产资料和劳动力，扩大生产规模，从而进一步无偿地占有更多的剩余价值。资本积累是资本主义发展的必然趋势。追求剩余价值是资本主义生产的动机和目的。剩余价值规律是资本主义经济的基本规律。这一规律决定了资本家为了追求更多的剩余价值，必须进行积累，这是资本积累的内在动力。资本积累也是由竞争规律决定的。谁要在竞争中取胜，就得扩大生产规模，追加投资。竞争迫使每个资本家都要拼命地进行资本积累，这是资本积累的外在压力。（资本积累.via:
http://baike.sogou.com/v4120286.htm?fromTitle=%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E7%A7%AF%E7%B4%AF）

定义来源

资本积累.via:
http://baike.sogou.com/v4120286.htm?fromTitle=%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E7%A7%AF%E7%B4%AF

例句

1. 原始积累应当同资本积累区别开；后者以资本为前提，以现存的资本的关系为前提，因而也以资本同劳动、价格(固定资本和流动资本)、利息以及利润的关系为前提。但是，为要形成资本，就要以一定的积累为前提，这种积累已经包含在物化劳动对于活劳动的独立的对立中，包含在这种对立的独立存在中。这种积累——它是形成资本所必需的，因而已经作为前提，作为因素之一包含在资本的概念中——应当在本质上同已经成为资本的资本积累区别开，在后一种积累中，资本必须已经存在。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第四十六卷上）》，1979：281

1. It must be distinguished from the accumulation of capitals; this presupposes capitals, presumes the relationship of capital as present, and therefore also implies its relations to labour, prices (capital fixe and circulant), interest and profit. But capital, in order to become capital, presupposes a certain accumulation which is already contained in the independent antithesis of objectified labour to living labour; in the independent existence of this antithesis. This accumulation, which is necessary for the genesis of capital, and is therefore already contained in its concept as premise--as a moment--is to be distinguished essentially from the accumulation of capital which has already become capital, where capitals must already be available. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 28), 1986: 245.

2. 资本的原始形成，完全不是象人们所想象的那样，似乎是资本积累了生活资料、劳动工具和原料，一句话，积累了同土地相分离的、而且本身早已将人类劳动吸收在内的劳动的客观条件。决不是资本创造出劳动的客观条件。相反，资本的原始形成只小过是这样发生的：作为货币财富而存在的价值，由于先前的生产方式解体的历史过程，一方而能买到劳动的客观条件，另一方面也能用货币从已经自由的工人那里换到活劳动本身。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第四十六卷上）》，1979：509-510

2. The original formation of capital does not, as is often supposed, occur in the form that capital amasses means of subsistence, instruments of labour and raw materials, in short, the objective conditions of labour detached from the soil and already fused with human labour. Capital does not create the objective conditions of labour. Its original for-m,ation occurs simply because the historical process of the dissolution of the old mode of production enables value, existing in the form of monetary wealth, to buy the objective conditions of labour on the one hand, and to exchange the living labour of the now free workers for money on the other. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 28), 1986: 430.

3. 我们完全了解为什么我们俄国的浪漫主义者竭尽全力来抹杀上述两种危机理论的区别。这是因为对待资本主义的两种根本不同的态度与上述两种理论有着最直接最密切的联系。事实上，如果我们用产品实现的不可能性、用生产和消费之间的矛盾来解释危机，那我们就会否认现实，否认资本主义所走的那条道路是适当的，认为它是一条“错误的”道路而要去寻找“另外的道路”。如果从这个矛盾中引出危机，我们就一定会认为，这个矛盾愈向前发展，摆脱矛盾也就愈困难。而我们看到，西斯蒙第十分幼稚地说出的正是这种见解。他说，如果资本积累得慢，这还可以忍耐：如果资本积累得快，这就不能忍受了。相反，如果我们用生产的社会性和占有的个人性之间的矛盾来解释危机，我们就会承认资本主义道路的现实性和进步性，并指责寻找“另外的道路”是荒唐的浪漫主义。从而我们也就承认，这个矛盾愈向前发展，摆脱这个矛盾就愈容易，而出路正在于这种制度的发展。——《列宁全集（第二卷）》,1984：141

3. We fully understand why our Russian romanticists exert every effort to obliterate the difference between the two theories of crises mentioned. It is because fundamentally different attitudes towards capitalism are most directly and most closely linked with the theories mentioned. Indeed, if we explain crises by the impossibility of realising products, by the contradiction between production and consumption, we are thereby led to deny reality, the soundness of the path along which capitalism is proceeding; we proclaim this path to be a “false one,” and go out in quest of “different paths.” In deducing crises from this contradiction we are bound to think that the further it develops the more difficult will be the way out of the contradiction. And we have seen how Sismondi, with the utmost naïveté, expressed exactly this opinion when he said that if capital accumulated slowly it was tolerable; but if it accumulated rapidly, it would become unbearable--On the other hand, if we explain crises by the contradiction between the social character of production and the individual character of appropriation, we thereby recognise that the capitalist road is real and progressive and reject the search for “different paths” as nonsensical romanticism. We thereby recognise that the further this contradiction develops the easier will be the way out of it, and that it is the development of this system which provides the way out. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol.2), 1972: 172.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
资本积累与贫困积累的历史发展，产生了社会主义制度的两大诞生条件：一是使资本积累达到顶点的生产力高度社会化的物质条件，二是无产阶级的贫困积累达到顶点而产生的主体条件。——“社会主义诞生条件的分离与中国特色社会主义基本特征”，载于《马克思主义研究》2013年第8期
The historical development of the accumulation of capital and poverty results in the two conditionsfor the birth of the socialist system: first, the material condition which is the high level of socializationof productive force that makes the capital accumulation reach its peak;second, the subjective conditionwhich is the accumulation of poverty of proletariat that reaches its peak.

例句 2：
罗莎·卢森堡的《资本积累论》一书从资本积累出发，探究资本主义危机的根源和内在机制，对资本主义危机作了病源学的诊断。——“罗莎·卢森堡的危机理论——重读《资本积累论》”，载于《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2014年第2期
In The Accumulation of Capital, Rosa Luxemburg, starting from the aspect of capital accumulation, explored the source and internal mechanism of capitalist crisis and made an etiological diagnosis of it.

例句 3：
资本积累的界限问题是马克思主义经典社会理论的共同主题，这一问题可以进一步聚焦为资本积累机制的时代变迁问题。——“马克思主义社会批判理论视域中的空间问题——以哈维关于资本积累的空间研究为中心”，载于《南京大学学报（哲学·人文科学·社会科学）》2016年第2期
The defining of the accumulation of capital is major work in classic Marxist social theory. This may be narrowed down into a study of the capital accumulation mechanism with its changes at different times.