自觉【英】

conscious (adj.); conscientiously (adv.); self-consciousness

译文来源

[1] Zhang Yibing. Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 38.
[2] Report on the Work of the Government, 2016. via:
http://english.gov.cn/premier/news/2016/03/17/content_281475309417987.htm
[3] 冯契.哲学大辞典（修订本）[Z].上海辞书出版社，2001：2052.

定义

自觉，而自觉(self-consciousness)与“自发”相对。有两方面含义:相对于动物的自发性活动而言，指人们的活动都是有目的、有意识的。表明人的活动的自觉的性质。相对于尚未认识到客观规律、盲目性较大的活动而，指正确认识客观规律并按照客观规律办事的活动。无产阶级在“自在的阶段”，对资产阶级的斗争是分散的、自发的。无产阶级的政党通过自己的活动，用科学社会主义的意识武装无产阶级，从而使无产阶级理解资本主义的本质，理解资产阶级对无产阶级的剥削关系，以及自己的历史任务，无产阶级就由自发斗争转为自觉斗争。自觉活动是同社会本身一起产生的。在原始社会，生产力和科学水平极低，人们自觉性也非常低下。在私有制社会里，社会的全部生产由利益不同、方向各异的人们的活动所形成的生产联系和社会关系来自发调节。每个人的活动虽是自觉的，但社会总体发展却是盲目、自发的。马克思和恩格斯认为，共产主义和所有过去的运动不同在于:它推翻了一切旧的生产关系和交往关系的基础，并且破天荒第一次自觉地把一切自发产生的前提看做是先前世世代代的创造，消除这些前提的自发性，使它们受联合起来的个人的支配。人在社会中的活动是由自发走向自觉，由自觉走向更高自觉的过程。（金炳华，2003：334）

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003.

例句

1. 1799年初，也就是在黑格尔对经济学研究的初始阶段，他首先认真分析的是斯图亚特的《政治经济学原理研究》。依据英国学者普兰特的观点，黑格尔从斯图亚特的这本书中起码捕获到以下三种看法：一是以历史主义为基础的历史哲学构架；二是在历史的视域中肯定现代“交换经济”（市民社会)现实地促进了人的自由和自我的发展；三是在近代商业社会这样一个新角度上确立国家对现实生活的自觉作用。可以肯定的是,黑格尔对经济学的研究从来就不是一种简单的理论获得，而更倾向于是对逻辑建构的现实历史的确证。实际上，历史主义和社会发展的目的论都是德国理性主义(赫尔德到谢林）的应有之义，这些对于黑格尔来说绝不是外在的新东西。­­—— 《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009：66-67

1. In early 1799, in the early stages of Hegel’s economics research, the first work that he studied in-depth was Steuart’s Inquiry into the Principles of Political Oeconomy. According to the British scholar Raymond Plant, Hegel was able to develop at least three new viewpoints from Steuart’s book: first, a historical philosophical framework based on historicism; second, an affirmation of the emergence of freedom and self-development caused by modern “economies of exchange” (civil society) from a historical perspective; third, from the new perspective of modern commercial society, a confirmation of the state in having a conscious effect on actual life. We can be certain that Hegel’s studies of economics never were simple theoretical acquisitions, but rather tended to be confirmations of the actual history of logical structures. In fact, historicism and teleology are both what one would expect to find in German rationalism (from Johann Herder to Friedrich William von Schelling), and as such, these were not unfamiliar, alien concepts to Hegel. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 38.

2. 一个资本家打倒许多资本家。随着这种集中或少数资本家对多数资本家的剥夺，规模不断扩大的劳动过程的协作形式日益发展，科学日益被自觉地应用于工艺方面，土地日益被有计划地共同利用，劳动资料日益转化为只能共同使用的劳动资料，一切生产资料因作为结合的社会劳动的共同生产资料使用而日益节省。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第二十卷）》，1973: 146

2. One capitalist always kills many. Hand in hand with this concentration, or this expropriation of many capitalists by few, develop, on an ever extending scale, the co-operative form of the labour-process, the conscious technical application of science, the methodical collective cultivation of the soil, the transformation of the instruments of labour into instruments of labour only usable in common, the economising of all means of production by their use as the jointly owned means of production of combined, socialized labour. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 123.

3. 面对异常艰巨复杂的改革发展任务，各级政府要深入贯彻落实新发展理念，把全面建成小康社会使命扛在肩上，把万家忧乐放在心头，建设人民满意的法治政府、创新政府、廉洁政府和服务型政府。坚持依法履职，把政府活动全面纳入法治轨道。各级政府及其工作人员要严格遵守宪法和法律，自觉运用法治思维和法治方式推动工作，法定职责必须为，法无授权不可为。积极推行政府法律顾问制度。——《2016年政府工作报告》

3. Faced with the onerous and complex tasks of reform and development, we in governments at all levels should follow the new vision on development in our work, bear the weight of finishing building a moderately prosperous society in all respects on our shoulders, keep the peopled wellbeing at the forefront of our minds, and build a law-based, innovative, clean, and service-oriented government that the people are satisfied with. We will ensure that all government duties are performed in accordance with the law and that all government activities are carried out in line with the rule of law. Governments at all levels and all their employees must strictly abide by the Constitution and other laws and conscientiously apply rule of law thinking and approaches in their work; they must carry out all statutory functions and duties and may not do anything not authorized by law We will actively promote the legal consultation system for government. -Quoted from Report on the Work of the Government, 2016.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
哲学对“关系理性”的自觉，既是人的自我理解的深化，也是对哲学的思想任务和价值关怀的一次重新设定。——“‘关系理性’与真实的‘共同体’”，载于《中国社会科学》2015年第6期
The philosophical self-consciousness of relational ratinality involves both the deepening of self-understanding and the recalibration of the intellectual taskes and value concerns of philosophy.

例句 2：
技术本质的实现以人的本质实现为前提。“自由自觉的活动”是人的类本质技术的本质是“实现人在人与自然关系中的充分自由”。——“从人的发展看技术本质的实现”，载于《自然辩证法研究》2013年第8期
The achievement of the essence of technology is based on the achievement of nature of human. Then, the human’s category standard is “Free and conscious activity” as well as the essence of technology is “to achieve the total liberty of people in the relationship between mankind and natrual”.

例句 3：
但人同时又具有超自然的道德、精神和社会属性，从而使人成为真正意义上的人。人的道德、精神、社会属性使人能够自觉遵循道德、礼教等社会规范。——“从‘发乎情止乎礼’到‘发呼欲止乎惧’”，载于《东北师大学报（哲学社会科学版）》2017年第2期
But at the same time the human has supernatural moral, spiritual and social attributes which enable people to conscientiously abide by the moral and ethical code and other social norms, which make the human become the true sense.