自由贸易【英】

free trade

译文来源

Zhang Yibing. Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 123.

定义

自由贸易指政府不采用关税、配额或其他形式来干预国际贸易的政策。自由贸易是指国家取消对进出口贸易的限制和障碍，取消本国进出口商品各种优待和特权，对进出口商品不加干涉和限制，使商品自由进出口，在国内市场上自由竞争的贸易政策。它是“保护贸易”的对称。这并不意味着完全放弃对进出口贸易的管理和关税制度，而是根据外贸法规即有关贸易条约与协定，使国内外产品在市场上处于平等地位，展开自由竞争与交易，在关税制度上，只是不采用保护关税，但为了增加财政收入，仍可征收财政关税。自由贸易政策是西方国家自由竞争时期的产物。英国实行此项政策达60年之久，对当时英国资本主义的发展起推动作用。二战以后，尽管联合国宪章规定了自由贸易的原则，《关税及贸易总协定》也明文规定降低关税和消除非关税壁垒，但世界大部分国家一直盛行贸易保护主义。所有发达国家都曾经推行贸易保护主义以保护本国的制造业，服务业及农业，当它们累积足够财富以确保可从自由贸易得益，便开始积极推行自由贸易政策。英国在18世纪至19世纪中期便曾推行保护性的工业政策，当英国在经济上拥有领先地位，便开始支持自由贸易。自由贸易跟共产主义﹑重商主义﹑孤立主义﹑贸易保护主义都是对立的。而很多战争都缘于贸易，例如1840年的鸦片战争。当前，世界各国都非常重视通过建立和发展自由贸易区来为自己国家的经济发展服务，而自由贸易区的产生和发展也有着深刻的原因和独特的作用。全球范围内自由贸易区的数量不断增加，涵盖议题快速拓展，自由化水平显著提高。（自由贸易.via:
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93/791800?fr=aladdin）

定义来源

自由贸易.via:
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93/791800?fr=aladdin

例句

1. 其实，客观地说，李斯特的经济学还是有他的独特之处的，这就是李斯特站在德国资产阶级的立场上，以一种维护本国私有者利益的“国家经济学”来对抗古典经济学的所谓“世界主义经济学”。李斯特批评了从魁奈开始并由斯密和萨伊所坚持的普遍自由贸易观点的虚假性，他抓住了经济发展的特殊性，即一个国家的生产力发展水平不同，也就不可能在国与国之间真正发生“放任的”自由贸易与交换。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：168-169

1. Actually, List’s views on economics were unique in several ways, namely in that he upheld the position of the German bourgeoisie, promoting the interests of German private owners through “national economics” in opposition to the so-called “global economics” of classical economics. List criticized the falsity of the concept of universal free trade as promoted by economists from Quesnay to Smith and Ricardo. He comprehended the particularity of economic development, namely that because different countries developed productive forces to different degrees, there could not exist the free trade and exchange of a veritable “laissez-faire” economy on the international scene. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 123.

2. 持续了7年的新经济政策是从1921年3月开始的，当时用一定份额的实物税取代了余粮征收制，使农民能保留其一定数量的剩余产品。这又导致取消自由贸易的限制和恢复工农业之间的市场关系。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》，2008：120

2. The NEP, which was to last seven years, began in March 1921 when the requisitioning system was replaced by a tax in kind which enabled the peasants to keep a fixed share of their surplus. This in turn led to the abolition of restrictions on free trade and the restoration of market relations between agriculture and industry. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 128-129.

3. 二是同时反对英法经济学家所主张的虚假的世界性的自由贸易，这是因为，面对发达的英法资产阶级社会，德国自然处于自由竞争中的劣势，所以他又主张对外实行国家关税保护主义，建立全德的关税同盟。由此，他也成了贸易保护主义学说的理论鼻祖。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：294

3. The second kind of reform that List advocated was List’s opposition to the false cosmopolitical free trade promoted by English and French economists. His opposition came because when faced with the advanced bourgeois society of England and France, Germany was naturally at a competitive disadvantage. Thus List advocated a protectionist policy of high national tariffs and the establishment of a tariff union encompassing all of Germany. This is what led List to become the theoretical ancestor of the theory of trade protectionism. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 224.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
通过关联自由贸易协定和多边环境协议不断完善、强化环境条款，形成了有利于美国利益和国际环境话语权的条款范式与环境标准。——“美国强化自由贸易协定中的环境条款及其影响”，载于《现代国际关系》2015年第4期
By linking free trade agreements with multilateral environmental agreements, the U.S. has gradually formed a paradigm for environmental provisions that are in line with U.S. interests and strengthen its discourse right in the field of international environment.

例句 2：
二战结束后，美国倡导建立了多边自由贸易体系，这一体系以美国的经济霸主地位为前提，以倡导自由贸易为主题。——“欧洲一体化与美国战后多边自由贸易体系的兴衰”，载于《山东师范大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2011年第5期
Based upon the precondition of the maintenance of its economic hegemony, America initiated the founding of the Multilateral Free Trade System with the advocating of free trade as its key motif after World War II

例句 3：
更为重要的是，虽然主观上力求把税后余粮与工业品的流转置于合作社组织、国家定价的实物性商品交换框架内，但列宁始终坚持马克思主义的基本立场，即有组织的商品交换和自由贸易必须接收实际生活的检验。——“急剧退却中列宁对科学社会主义俄国化的探索——‘列宁晚期对科学社会主义俄国化的探索’之一”，载于《广西师范大学学报：哲学社会科学版》2014年第2期
What was more important was that although Lenin tried to place the exchange between after-tax grain and industrial production under the framework of practical commodity exchange, which was supposed to be organized by cooperatives and priced by the state, he adhered to the basic theory of Marxism that organized commodity exchange and free trade must be examined in practice.