生产性和非生产性消费【英】

productive and unproductive consumption

译文来源

Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 3) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1956: 223.

定义

这两个概念最先由李嘉图提出，而穆勒将这两个概念引进经济学。穆勒对生产性消费和非生产性消费的区分所采用的方法就是斯密区分生产性和非生产性劳动的方法。穆勒认为，只有生产者的消费才是生产性的，但不是生产者的全部消费都是生产性消费，只有维持和扩大生产能力的那种消费才是生产消费。在重农主义者看来，经济中生产的消费品只是部分地作为必需品进入家庭，这部分消费品是用于劳动能力的再生产的。生产性消费就是保持人力资本完整所必需的消费。如果工资仅仅是生计所必需的，那么工人的全部消费就是生产消费。但是，如果工人消费一定数量的奢侈品，那么这一部分消费就是非生产性消费。在新古典经济学中，关于生产性和非生产性消费的区别不见了，马歇尔在《经济学原理》中包括了这些区别，但却根本没有利用它，只是提到要“逐步抛弃”这些“拥有较长历史的概念”。生产性和非生产性消费的区别渐渐不受重视，而经济学家，特别是从新古典经济学诞生以后，逐渐失去了对这一问题的兴趣，生产性消费虽然影响就业，但就业量是怎么决定的几乎与这一区别无关（刘伟，1994：122）。

定义来源

刘伟.经济学大辞典[Z].团结出版社，1994.

例句

1. “仆役的工资，凡不是为了产品、不是为了借助一物品而生产另一等价物的消费，都是非生产性消费。”（第240页）“生产性消费本身是一种手段，即生产手段；非生产性消费不是手段，而是目的；是通过消费得到的享受，是消费前的一切活动的动机。”（第241页）——《马克思恩格斯全集（第四十二卷）》，1979：31

1. “The wages” given to a “footman” and “all consumption, which does not take place to the end that something, which may be an equivalent for it, may be produced by means of it, is unproductive consumption”. Pp. 179, 180 (p. 240). “Productive consumption is itself a means; it is a mean to production. Unproductive consumption [...] is not a means.” It “is the end. This or the enjoyment which is involved in it, is the good which constituted the motive to all the operations by which it was preceded.” P. 180 (p. 241). -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 3), 1956: 223.

2. “一国的生产力在一年中所创造的全部东西构成年总产品。其中绝大部分用于补偿消费掉的资本。总产品中补偿资本以后剩余的部分构成纯产品；它只作为资本的利润或地租进行分配。”（第242—243页）“它是一种基金，国民资本的一切追加部分通常都来源于这种基金。”（第243页）与生产性消费和非生产性消费相应的是生产性劳动和非生产性劳动。（第244页）——《马克思恩格斯全集（第四十二卷）》，1979：32

2. “The whole of what the productive powers of the country have brought into existence in the course of a year, is called the gross annual produce. Of this the greater part is required to replace the capital which has been consumed [....] What remains of the gross produce, after replacing the capital which has been consumed, is called the net produce; and is always distributed either as profits of stock, or as rent.” Pp. 181, 182 (pp. 242, 243). “This net produce is the fund from which all addition to the national capital is commonly made.” (loc. cit.) “... the two species of consumption” are matched by “the two species of labour, productive and unproductive....” P. 182 (p. 244). -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 3), 1956: 223.

3. 仅仅供享乐的、不活动的和挥霍的财富的规定在于：享受这种财富的人，一方面，仅仅作为短暂的、恣意放纵的个人而行动，并且把别人的奴隶劳动、人的血汗看作自己的贪欲的虏获物，因而把人本身——因而也把他本身——看作毫无价值的牺牲品（而且，对人的蔑视，部分地表现为对那可以维持成百人生活的东西的恣意挥霍，部分地表现为一种卑鄙的幻想，即仿佛他的无节制的挥霍浪费和放纵无度的非生产性消费决定着别人的劳动，从而决定着别人的生存）；他把人的本质力量的实现，仅仅看作自己放纵的欲望、古怪的癖好和离奇的念头的实现。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第四十二卷）》，1979：141

3. There is a form of inactive, extravagant wealth given over wholly to pleasure, the enjoyer of which on the one hand behaves as a mere ephemeral individual frantically spending himself to no purpose, and also regards the slave-labour of others (human sweat and blood) as the prey of his cupidity. He therefore knows man himself, and hence also his own self, as a sacrificed and futile being. With such wealth contempt of man makes its appearance, partly as arrogance and as squandering of what can give sustenance to a hundred human lives, and partly as the infamous illusion that his own unbridled extravagance and ceaseless, unproductive consumption is the condition of the other's labour and therefore of his subsistence. He regards the realisation of the essential powers of man only as the realisation of his own excesses, his whims and capricious, bizarre notions. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 3), 1956: 314-315.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
文化建构理论是性别研究的重要观点。借巴塔耶的观点,从同质性与异质性、生产性消费与非生产性消费的角度,可以说明19世纪以来同性恋被作为一种科学(心理学、精神病学和医学等)范畴被建构的原因。——“性别研究与主体诉求”，载于《常熟理工学院学报》2007年05期