字词 | 拉马克 |
释义 | 拉马克【英】Jean-Baptiste Lamarck译文来源[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:99. 定义让·巴蒂斯特·拉马克(1744—1829)是法国博物学家,生物学伟大的奠基人之一。1744年8月1日,拉马克生于法国毕伽底,本名约翰摩纳。1761—1768年在军队服役,当他在里维埃拉驻屯时,对植物学发生兴趣。1783年拉马克被任命为科学院院士,为《系统百科全书》撰写植物学部分,并担任皇家植物标本室主任。1793年拉马克应聘为巴黎博物馆无脊椎动物学教授。他最先提出生物进化的学说,是进化论的倡导者和先驱。拉马克认为,一切生物都具有变异性,环境条件的变化是生物产生变异的根本原因,生物的多样性是环境多样性直接或间接影响的结果。接着拉马克指出,生物在新的环境直接影响下,某些器官经常使用就发达增大,不使用的器官就削弱或衰退,直至消灭。拉马克认为上述的变化是可以遗传的,即获得性遗传。拉马克不仅肯定了生物的进化,而且提出向上发展的方向。他认为生物的形态结构、生理机能都是由简单向复杂,由低级向高级的方向进化,这种进化是连续、缓慢和不可逆转的过理。生物天生具有向上发展的内在倾向,进化中出现的生物等级是自然界预先安排的一种程序(敖光辉,1992:71-72)。拉马克主要著作有《法国全境植物志》、《无脊椎动物的系统》、《动物学哲学》等。 定义来源敖光辉.拉马克的进化论及其评述[J]. 四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),1992(1). 例句1. 在黑格尔看来,自然界只是观念的“外化”,它在时间上不能发展,只是在空间中展示自己的多样性,因此,它把自己所包含的一切发展阶段同时地和一个挨着一个地展示出来,并且注定永远重复总是同一的过程。黑格尔把发展是在空间以内、但在时间(这是一切发展的基本条件)以外发生的这种谬论强加于自然界,恰恰是在地质学、胚胎学、植物和动物生理学以及有机化学都已经建立起来,并且在这些新科学的基础上到处都产生了预示后来的进化论的天才猜测(例如歌德和拉马克)的时候。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十一卷):路德维希·费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》,1965:321 1. According to him, nature, as a mere “alienation” of the idea, is incapable of evolution in time—capable only of extending its manifoldness in space, so that it displays simultaneously and side by side all the stages of evolution comprised in it, and is condemned to an eternal repetition of the same processes. This absurdity of evolution in space, but outside of time—the fundamental condition of all evolution—Hegel imposes upon nature just at the very time when geology, embryology, the physiology of plants and animals, and organic chemistry were taking shape, and when everywhere on the basis of these new sciences brilliant presentiments of the subsequent theory of evolution were appearing (for instance, Goethe and Lamarck). -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 26): Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, 1990: 370-371. 2. 自然科学家也没有得到更好的待遇,但是他只举出了达尔文的名字,所以我们只能以他为限:“达尔文主义的半诗和变态术连同它们的观点的肉欲狭隘性和辨别力的迟钝……据我们的意见,独特的达尔文主义——从它中间自然要把拉马克的学说除外——只是一种与人性对抗的兽性。” ——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十卷)》,1973:34 2. The natural scientists fare no better, but as only Darwin is cited by name we must confine ourselves to him: “Darwinian semi-poetry and dexterity in metamorphosis, with their coarsely sentient narrowness of comprehension and blunted power of differentiation [D. Ph. 142] ... In our view what is specific to Darwinism, from which of course the Lamarckian formulations must be excluded, is a piece of brutality directed against humanity”. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 30. 3. 无论是达尔文或者是追随他的自然科学家,都没有想到要用某种方法来缩小拉马克的伟大功绩;而且正是他们最先把他重新抬举起来。可是我们不应该忽视,在拉马克时代,科学还远没有掌握充分的材料,以便能够对物种起源的问题作出并非预测的即所谓预言式的答案。可是从拉马克那时以来,在从事搜集或解剖的植物学和动物学领域内积累了大量的材料,此外还出现了在这方面具有决定性重要意义的两门崭新的科学:对植物和动物的胚胎发育的研究(胚胎学),对地球表面各个地层内所保存的有机体遗骸的研究(古生物学)。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十卷)》,1973:80-81 3. Neither Darwin nor his followers among naturalists ever think of belittling in any way the great services rendered by Lamarck; in fact, they are the very people who first put him up again on his pedestal. But we must not overlook the fact that in Lamarck’s time science was as yet far from being in possession of sufficient material to have enabled it to answer the question of the origin of species except in an anticipatory way, prophetically, as it were. In addition to the enormous mass of material, both of descriptive and anatomical botany and zoology, which has accumulated in the intervening period, two completely new sciences have arisen since Lamarck's time, and these are of decisive importance on this question research into the development of plant and animal germ (embryology) and research into the organic remains preserved in the various strata of the earth's surface (palaeontology). -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 69. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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