比较优势【英】

comparative advantage

译文来源

Report on the Work of Government, 2016. via: http://english.gov.cn/premier/news/2016/03/17/content_281475309417987.htm

定义

比较优势是依照生产成本相对差别而实行的国际分工的一种自由贸易理论。其基本论点是：比较优势的差异是比较生产要素禀赋的差异，生产要素禀赋的相对丰裕或相对稀缺，是比较优势或比较劣势的决定因素。生产某些商品所需要的生产要素在某一购价的供给相对最多，这个国家在这类生产要素在某一国家的供给相对最多，这个国家在这类生产要素密集型的商品生产上就拥有比较优势，并且会出口这些商品，生产某些商品所需要的生产要素在这个国家的供给相对最少，此国在此类生产要素密集型商品的生产上就会处于比较劣势，就会进口这些商品。
　不同时代的不同国家就有自己的比较优势理论。斯密首先提出了绝对比较优势理论。他认为富国在制造业和农业方面都居绝对优势，穷国在制造业和农业方面都居绝对劣势。但是富国在制造业方面的优势比农业大，而穷国在农业方面的绝对劣势比制造业小。因此，富国应当专业于制造业，穷国应当专业于农业。这样形成的国际分工是以相对或比较优势原理为基础的国际分工。英国经济学家李嘉图在劳动价值论的基础上把斯密的相对优势概念发展成系统的比较优势原理。他强调即使效率最低，成本最高的国家也有自己的比较优势。而约翰穆勒则断言，在比较富有的国家同比较贫穷的国家进行贸易时，比较富有的国家得到的利益较少，而比较贫穷的国家得到的利益较多。瑞典著名经济学家俄林和美国著名经济学家萨穆尔森认为各个不同国家具有不同的“要素比例”。即一个国家所拥有的土地、劳动、资本三者的构成各不相同。不同的商品有不同的“生产要素密度”，要素比例与要素密度相结合，便形成了比较优势。赫克歇尔、俄林和萨缪尔森还提出了“生产要素价格均等化原理”，认为古典学派关于生产要素在国际间不能自由流动的假设是不妥当的，而把优势问题仅仅归结为生产要素领域的问题。他们用比较生产要素成本定义比较成本，用生产要素禀赋来说明优势的形成，用生产要素的不同组合来说明国际贸易的成因（刘伟等，1994：1329）。

定义来源

刘伟，梁小民，雎国余，杨云龙.经济学大辞典[Z].团结出版社，1994.

例句

1. 做好政府工作，必须高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，全面贯彻党的十八大和十八届三中、四中、五中全会精神，以邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观为指导，深入贯彻习近平总书记系列重要讲话精神，按照“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局，坚持改革开放，坚持以新发展理念引领发展，坚持稳中求进工作总基调，适应经济发展新常态，实行宏观政策要稳、产业政策要准、微观政策要活、改革政策要实、社会政策要托底的总体思路，把握好稳定增长与调结构的平衡，保持经济运行在合理区间，着力加强供给侧结构性改革，加快培育新的发展动能，改造提升传统比较优势，抓好去产能、去库存、去杠杆、降成本、补短板，加强民生保障，切实防控风险，努力实现“十三五”时期经济社会发展良好开局。——《2016年政府工作报告》

1. To ensure that the government's goal for this year is accomplished, we must do the following: hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics; implement the guiding principles of the 18th National Congress of the CPC and the third, fourth, and fifth plenary sessions of the 18th CPC Central Committee; follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development; put into practice the guiding principles from General Secretary Xi Jinping’s major policy addresses; work in accordance with the overall plan for promoting all-round economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy; continue reform and opening up; follow the new vision of development; follow the general principle of making progress while working to keep performance stable; adapt to the new normal in economic development; follow the general guidelines that macro policies should be stable, industrial policies targeted, micro policies flexible, reform policies practical, and that social policies should ensure basic needs; maintain a balance between ensuring steady growth and making structural adjustments; ensure that the economy operates within an appropriate range; strengthen supply-side structural reform; accelerate the fostering of new driving forces for development; strengthen traditional comparative advantages; cut overcapacity and excess inventory, deleverage, reduce costs, and strengthen points of weakness; strengthen basic safeguards for public wellbeing; prevent and control risks. By working to achieve all of these, we should get off to a good start in economic and social development during the period covered by the 13th Five-Year Plan. -Quoted from Report on the Work of the Government, 2016.

2. 继续实施区域发展总体战略，充分发挥各地区比较优势，优先推进西部大开发，全面振兴东北地区等老工业基地，大力促进中部地区崛起，积极支持东部地区率先发展。采取对口支援等多种形式，加大对革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区、贫困地区扶持力度。科学规划城市群规模和布局，增强中小城市和小城镇产业发展、公共服务、吸纳就业、人口集聚功能。加快改革户籍制度，有序推进农业转移人口市民化，努力实现城镇基本公共服务常住人口全覆盖。——《坚定不移沿着中国特色社会主义道路前进为全面建成小康社会而奋斗——在中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会上的报告》，2012

2. We should continue to implement the master strategy for regional development and fully leverage the comparative advantages of different regions. We should give high priority to large-scale development of the western region, fully revitalize old industrial bases in northeast China, work vigorously to promote the rise of the central region, and support the eastern region in taking the lead in development. We should increase support for old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas and poor areas through pairing assistance and other means. We should make scientific plans for the scale and layout of urban agglomerations; and we should make small and medium-sized cities and small towns better able to develop industries, provide public services, create jobs, and attract population. We should accelerate reform of the household registration system, conduct registration of rural migrant workers as permanent urban residents in an orderly way, and endeavor to ensure that all permanent urban residents have access to basic urban public services. -Quoted from Firmly March on the Path of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive to complete the Building of a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Aspects—Report to the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, 2012.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
不同的比较优势发展战略对地区工业所有制结构确实存在影响，当地方政府实施违背（遵循）比较优势战略，该地区的非国有工业比重会比较低（高）。——《政府行为、比较优势战略与工业所有制结构》，暨南大学硕士学位论文，2012
Moreover, the empirical examination has confirmed the impact of development strategies on the industrial ownership structure. If the development strategies don’t follow the local comparative advantages, the proportion of non-state-owned industries will be low, and vice versa.

例句 2：
紧接着，进一步研究了当代中国和谐政党关系的机制。随后，从世界范围内横向比较各种类型政党关系，彰显了当代中国和谐政党关系的比较优势，同时，客观地分析了当代中国和谐政党关系所存在的问题。——《当代中国和谐政党关系研究》，吉林大学博士学位论文，2012
Further studies on the mechanism of harmonious parties relations of contemporary China will be followed, then comparative advantages will be shown up in the comparison between China and other western countries in the world.

例句 3：
本文第二部分是论述民事诉讼中调解的比较优势，这部分从实证分析和理论分析两个角度在加以阐释。——《论民事诉讼中调解的优势》，中南民族大学硕士学位论文，2012
The second part of this paper deals with the superiority of mediation in civil lawsuit.This part is from two perspectives including the empirical analysis and abstract analysis to explain.