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字词 正义(又作公正)
释义

正义(又作公正)【英】

justice; righteousness

译文来源

[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:673.
[2] Xi Jinping. Xi Jinping: The Governance of China [M]. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2014: 14.
[3] via: http://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspx?searchword=%u6B63%u4E49

定义

正义,又称“公正”,是对政治、经济、法律、道德等领域中的是非、善恶进行道德认识和价值评价的一种道德范畴。其涵义既指符合一定社会道德规范的行为,又指处理人际关系和利益分配的一种原则,即一视同仁和得所当得。正义作为一种道德评价的范畴,贯穿于人类社会发展历史,在不同的时期和地域,人民对正义有不同的具体主张。在中国儒家思想中,正义是一个非常重要的、被广泛提倡的思想。在公元前的古埃及,正义社会生活和道德生活的中心命题,其力量大于法老的权力,其作用与善恶观念或道德观念等同。在古希腊,哲学家柏拉图将正义列为四主德之一,“认为公正包含了全部最基本的美德,国家中每一阶层的人各自专心尽其本分职责,就是合乎公正,并把公正定义为履行自己的义务。”(金炳华,2003:673)。在亚里士多德那里,正义分为普遍的正义和特殊的正义两种,普遍的正义即以公共利益为依据的政治上的公正,特殊的正义则包括分配上的正义和纠正上的正义,前者是会财富、权力及其他可分之物在个人之间的分配原则;后者为人们在经济交往和订立契约时必须遵循的平等原则。亚里士多德认为,只有实现良好的政治制度,才能实现个人的公正。在中世纪的宗教伦理学中正义则表现为,肉体归顺于灵魂,灵魂归顺于上帝,主张上帝是正义的根源。在近代论理学中,正义被作了进一步深入的探讨,且随着社会的发展和利益分配领域内“正义”问题日益凸显,正义也逐渐成为经济伦理学领域的一个重要议题。马克思主义指出,正义在阶级社会中具有阶级性,对正义所体现的具体内容和价值标准,应进行历史的、阶级的分析,社会主义和共产主义是人类历史上完全合乎正义的事业。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.

例句

1. 蒲鲁东说:“人是一种过着社会生活的动物。社会意味着各种关系的总和,总之就是体系。可是一切体系只能在某些条件之下才能存在。”这个思想直接影响到马克思。一直到马克思致安年柯夫的信中,马克思还有过相近的观点。而且,人与动物本能之间的差别,在于“人类是以复杂的方式结合起来的”。这种方式也就是涵盖初级、第二级和第三级的多层面社会性:社会关系、正义和公道。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:97

1. Proudhon writes, “Man, then, is an animal living in society. Society means the sum total of relationships; in short, a system. Now, all systems exist only under certain conditions.” This concept directly influenced Marx. Marx’s views on the subject were similar to Proudon’s until Marx’s letter Marx to Annenkov. Furthermore, according to Proudhon, the difference between man and animal arises because “human society is complex in its nature.” This complexity is one that encompasses all three levels of society: social relations, justice, and fairness. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 63.

2. 在《什么是所有权》这本书中,蒲鲁东写下了一句不同凡响的著名口号:“所有权就是盗窃”(la propriété,c’est le vol)。面对私有制的卫道士们的口号,蒲鲁东与之针锋相对并逐一进行强有力的反驳——针对“所有权的制定是人类最重要的一种制度”,蒲鲁东反讽道,“是的,像君主政体是人类最光彩的制度一样”;针对所有权是“正义的应用”,蒲鲁东着重强调,离开了财富平等的正义只能是一种使用假砝码的天秤;针对所有权“完全是合乎道德的”,蒲鲁东深刻揭示,“挨饿的肚子是不知道什么叫道德的”。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:98

2. In his book What is Property, Proudhon puts forth his now-famous slogan: “property is robbery.” (“la propriéte, c’est le vol”). Proudhon directly confronts the assumptions made by the defenders of the system of privately owned property, refuting them one by one. To the assertion that “the establishment of property is man’s most important institution,” Proudhon retorts, “Yes, just as monarchy was man’s most glorious institution.” To the claim that property “is the application of justice,” Proudhon stresses that any justice without equality of wealth will only be a balance with false weights. To the assumption that property “is completely moral,” Proudhon replies, “a hungry stomach knows not morality. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 64.

3. 公平正义是中国特色社会主义的内在要求,所以必须在全体人民共同奋斗、经济社会发展的基础上,加紧建设对保障社会公平正义具有重大作用的制度,逐步建立社会公平保障体系。共同富裕是中国特色社会主义的根本原则,所以必须使发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民,朝着共同富裕方向稳步前进。社会和谐是中国特色社会主义的本质属性,所以必须团结一切可以团结的力量,最大限度 增加和谐因素,增强社会创造活力,确保人民安居乐业、社会安定有序、国家长治久安。和平发展是中国特色社会主义的必 然选择,所以必须坚持开放的发展、合作的发展、共赢的发展, 扩大同各方利益汇合点,推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。——《习近平谈治国理政》,2014:13

3. Fairness and justice are inherent requirements of Chinese socialism—this is why we must, relying on the concerted efforts of all the Chinese people and based on economic and social development, double our efforts to develop institutions that are vital to ensuring social fairness and justice, and establish in due course a system for guaranteeing social equity. Common prosperity is the fundamental principle of Chinese socialism—this is why we must ensure that all the people share the fruits of development in a fair way, and move steadily towards common prosperity. Social harmony is an inherent attribute of Chinese socialism-this is why we must rally all the forces that can be rallied, maximize the factors for harmony, stimulate the creative vitality of society, and ensure that the people lead a happy, stable life and the country enjoys enduring peace. Peaceful development is an inevitable prerequisite of Chinese socialism—this is why we must pursue development through opening up and cooperation to benefit all, expand areas of common interests with all others and build a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity together with other countries. -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 14.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
马克思关于正义问题的讨论通过批判“国民经济学”完成。——“马克思正义理论的四重辩护”,载于《中国社会科学》2014年第4期
Marx’s discussion of the question of justice takes place in his critique of “national economics”.

例句 2:
1971年《正义论》发表不久就产生了解读正义原则的争议,形成了罗尔斯难题。——“罗尔斯难题:正义原则的误读与批评”,载于《中国社会科学》2013年第10期
The publication of A Theory of Justice in 1971 soon triggered extensive debates over the interpretation of the principle of justice, leading to the Rawls’ problematic.

例句 3:
道德的正义优先于分配的正义。当儒学强调的“仁”所发展的相互性,能经由“恕”的外推而扩张,才能真正实现正义。——“儒家利他主义、慷慨和正义:对全球化的回应”,载于《扬州大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2015年第2期
In Confucian terms, the concept of distributional justice is based on the moral righteousness, and moral righteousness comes from ren. When the reciprocal relationships developed from ren can be extended by the strangification of shu, justice can truly be realized.

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