字词 | 肯定 |
释义 | 肯定【英】affirmation译文来源[1] 金炳华.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001:758. 定义肯定是标志事物具有某种特性的范畴。这就是说,“肯定”概念是对事物具有某种特性的反映。这种特性与事物的本质是相同的,正如黑格尔所说:“肯定是自身的同一”。日常生活、政治生活中所说的承认、赞成、同意等都是哲学上“肯定”的具体表现。人们承认、赞成、同意某事情,就是肯定它终有的某种特性。肯定和否定是对立的统一,它们是反映同一事物具有某种特性和不具有某种特性的范畴,它们是相互联系的。黑格尔对此有过精彩的论述,他说:“人们总以为肯定与否定具有,绝对的区别,其实两者是相同的。”“譬如说,财产与债务并不是特殊的独立自存的两种财产。只不过是负债者为否定的财产,在债权者即为肯定的财产。”“因此肯定的东西与否定的东西本质上是彼此互为条件的,并且只是存在于它们的相互联系中”(黑格尔,1980:257)。唯物辩证法认为,任何事物的内部,都包含着肯定和否定两个方面。在辩证法的否定之否定规律中,“肯定阶段”就是指事物在自我发展自我完善中保持其特性的发展过程。“否定阶段”就是指事物的发展由具有某种特性到丧失某种特性的过程。在此基础上,事物的发展再由具有某种特性到丧失某种特性的过程就叫事物发展的否定之否定阶段。“否定之否定”是标志事物在运动变化发展的长过程中两次丧失其特性的范畴,是事物变化发展的一个普遍规律(张献考,1985:64)。 定义来源[1] 黑格尔.小逻辑[M].商务印书馆,1980. 例句1. 我发现,《克罗茨纳赫笔记》的主要内容是马克思以法国革命为主线的历史学摘录资料,这是他自己独立走向社会历史本体的极重要的一个方面。同时,也正是在这一研究中,马克思在现实生活真实层面上确认了费尔巴哈唯物主义哲学(不是历史唯物主义)的革命意义,这集中表现为费尔巴哈对黑格尔哲学的主谓语再颠倒的肯定。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:134 1. I have discovered that the main content of Kreuznach Notes—Marx’s historical excerpts that focus on the French Revolution—was an extremely important aspect of his independent move towards the subject of social history. At the same time, it was in this research that Marx identified the revolutionary significance of Feuerbach’s materialist philosophy (though not historical materialism). This is evidenced by Marx’s affirmation of the Feuerbachian subject-predicate reinversion of Hegel’s philosophy. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 94. 2. 在接下来的五个“批判性的评注”(同时还有四个“赋有特征的翻译”)中,我们可以看到马克思进一步的说明。在“批判性的评注1”中,马克思像在《巴黎笔记》和《1844年手稿》中那样再一次指出:过去资产阶级“政治经济学的一切论断都以私有制为前提。这个基本前提被政治经济学当做确定不疑的事实而不加以任何进一步的研究”。蒲鲁东则对政治经济学的基础即私有制做了批判的考察,而且是第一次带有决定性的、严峻而又科学的考察。这就是蒲鲁东在科学上所完成的巨大进步,这个进步使政治经济学革命化了,并且第一次使政治经济学有可能成为真正的科学。这无疑是一个很有分量的赞扬。列宁后来也注意到了这一肯定。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:269 2. In the five following “critical comments” (there are also four “characterizing translations”), we can see Marx’s further explanation. In the “Critical Comment No.1,” Marx once again, just as in Paris Notes and the 1844 Manuscript, points out that “all treatises on political economy take private property for granted. This basic premise is for them an incontestable fact to which they devote no further investigation.” Proudhon, on the other hand, conducts a critical investigation of private property, the basis of political economy. His was the first decisive, serious, and scientific investigation. This was Proudhon’s great scientific advancement, an advancement that revolutionized political economy and for the first time made it possible for political economy to become a true science. This is undoubtedly praise that carries much weight. Lenin would later take special note of this affirmation. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 204-205. 3. 马克思在评论了生产与其他几个经济环节的关系之后,突然将评论的重心转到“政治经济学的方法”上来。对于这个方法的讨论,过去的论者大多数将其视为马克思对建构自己的政治经济学方法的一种直接指认,而我发现,马克思此时实际上还处于一种思想实验的过程中,只不过在分析的进程里,他才初步确定自己的研究方法的基本方向。我们之所以说它仅仅是基本方向,是因为它主要还表现为对黑格尔哲学以及斯密、李嘉图的政治经济学方法的批判性肯定。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:537 3. After commenting on the relation between production and several other economic links, he suddenly shifts the emphasis of his appraisal to the “methods of political economy.” The vast majority of past research views Marx’s discussion of methodology at this point to be a direct identification of the construction of his own political economic methods. I, on the other hand, believe that here Marx was still in the process of conducting a kind of thought experiment, that in the progression of his analysis, he was only beginning to confirm the basic direction of his own research methods. I say merely a basic direction because it was still expressed as simply a critical affirmation of Hegel’s philosophy as well as the political economic methods of Smith and Ricardo. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 424. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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