字词 | 普遍 |
释义 | 普遍 【英】universal译文来源[1]金炳华.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001:1101. 定义普遍,即一般或本质共性,指的是同类事物中的共性和本质的部分,也即存在于个别事物中的“类”属性或本质属性,是与“特殊”相对的哲学范畴。古希腊前苏格拉底哲学的一个突出特征是与自然科学密切联系,故被称为“自然哲学”。他们认为,世界万物都是从某种具有普遍意义的物质“本原”中派生出来、并逐渐发展的,就连神和灵魂也不例外。泰勒斯认为“水”是万物的本原(赵敦华,2001:9)。阿那克西美尼认为“气”是万物的本原。赫拉克利特认为,“世界是一团永恒的活火”(赵敦华,2001:11)。黑格尔从国家出发,认为国家是具有现实性、合理性和客观性的普遍理性,是自在自为的普遍理念,这一“普遍”包含个体性和特殊性的充分发展。在国家中,一切都系于普遍性和特殊性的统一,因为个人只有在普遍中才能获得关于自我本质的自我意识。同时,普遍性与特殊性的内在统一是现实性的表现,特殊性包含在整体中。因此,国家是现实的,高高在上的。马克思认为,“普遍事务的被意识到的真正的现实性只是形式的,或者说,只有形式的东西才是现实的普遍事务”(马克思等,1956:323)。国家是抽象的,而人民是具体的。马克思结合切实的社会运动和现实矛盾,寻求“具体普遍”,即真正包含特殊与具体的普遍,体现为包含一切人民的利益的普遍人民理性。对马克思而言,私有财产是历史和社会的产物,并不是自然天生的权利,一旦被抽象为“普遍”就赋予了它一种神秘性和权威性,而实际上这种“抽象普遍”在现实中却处处显示了形式与内容的分裂,真正的“普遍”必须同时是具体的,这才是现实的辩证法(武汉大学马克思主义哲学研究所,2015:195)。 定义来源[1]赵敦华.西方哲学简史[M].北京大学出版社,2001. 例句1. 或者换句话说,即在一定的、当然不以意志为转移的生产方式内,总有某些异己的、不仅不以分散的个人而且也不以他们的总和为转移的实际力量统治着人们。在这种条件下,“个人关系向它的对立面即向纯粹的物的关系的转变,个人自己对个性和偶然性的区分,这正如我们已经指出的,是一个历史过程,它在发展的不同阶段上具有不同的、日益尖锐的和普遍的形式。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:438 1. Under these conditions, “The transformation of the individual relationship into its opposite, a purely material relationship, the distinction of individuality and fortuity by the individuals themselves, is a historical process, as we have already shown, and at different stages of development it assumes different, ever sharper and more universal forms. In the present epoch, the domination of material relations over individuals, and the suppression of individuality by fortuitous circumstances, has assumed its sharpest and most universal form.” -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 340-341. 2. 为了结束对斯卡尔金观点的评述,我们要补充几句。他反对等级制度,主张一切等级只有一个法庭,“在理论上”同情不分等级的乡政权,热烈拥护国民教育、特别是普遍教育,拥护自治和地方自治机关,拥护广泛的土地信贷、特别是小额信贷,因为农民极其需要购买土地。——《列宁全集(第二卷)》,1984: 394 2. To complete our account of Skaldin’s views, let us add that he is opposed to the system of social estates, advocates a single court of justice for all of them, sympathises “theoretically” with the idea that the volost authorities should not be constituted on the basis of social estates, is an ardent advocate of public education, especially general education, favours local self-government and Zemstvo institutions, and believes that land credits, especially small, should be widely available, for there is a strong desire among the peasants to buy land. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 2), 1977: 504. 3. 我们现在不管“达到规定性的普遍性”、“单一性和无限性”(黑格尔的概念)的命运如何。——鲍威尔先生不指出,贯串在施特劳斯关于“公社力量’和关于“传说”的理论中的观点在斯宾诺莎关于实体的观念中有其抽象的表现,有其逻辑形而上学的象形文字;鲍威尔先生不说明这一点,而是强迫“实体抛弃自己的逻辑单纯性并采取公社力量的特定存在形式”他用黑格尔的魔术机来强迫“形而上学的范畴”(从现实中抽出的抽象概念)跳出使它们溶化于纯思想的“简单”因素中的逻辑框子,并采取自然存在或人类存在的“特定形式”,也就是说,强迫它们体现出来。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二卷)》,1957:174-175 3. Let us leave to their fate “the universality which attains certitude”,the “oneness and infinity” (the Hegelian Notion).—Instead of saying that the view put forward in Strams’ theory on the “power of the community” and “tradition” has its abstract expression, its logical and metaphysical hieroglyphic, in the Spinozist conception of Substance, Herr Bauer makes “Substance emerge from its logical simplicity and assume a definite form of existence in the power of the community”. He applies the Hegelian miracle apparatus by which the “metaphysical categories”—abstractions extracted out of reality—emerge from logic, where they are dissolved in the “simplicity” of thought, and assume “a definite form” of physical or human existence; he makes them become incarnate. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 4), 1975: 137. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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