白板【英】

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译文来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003：198.

定义

在古希腊和罗马，人们用蜡板记事，“白板”的本义是未经用刀笔刻写记事的蜡板。西方哲学史上感觉论者用以解释人的认识过程的用语。柏拉图最早提出“白板”这一概念，他把人的灵魂比作蜡块或蜡板，接受外界的感觉后便成为记忆，这一过程就如同印章打下印记。与此同时，他又认为这种感性认识是不可靠的，并非真理，也不能把握理念。亚里士多德曾将“白板”比作尚未接受外界影响时的心灵。早期斯多亚学派从逻辑学(即认识论)中继承了这种主张，认为“理性认识来自感觉——知觉，初生的灵魂像一块空白的木板或一张白纸，它接受事物的表象正像蜡板接受图章的印记一样”。这种表象来自“不依赖人而独立存在的客体，没有在先的客体就不会在心灵产生客体的表象”。表象得到理解就是知觉，在此基础上形成“理解的表象系统”，即“技艺”和“科学”，技艺是经验的，并指向一个具体目的，科学是“确实的、坚定的和无可辩驳的”，强调逻辑思维的基础在感觉之中（金炳华，2003：198）。以后被近代英国唯物主义哲学家洛克所发挥，用以批驳笛卡尔和莱布尼茨的天赋观念说。洛克认为人在出生时，心灵就像一块没有任何东西刻写在上面的白板或蜡版，不存在天赋的观念或知识。人心灵中的知识和观念都是建立在后天经验上。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003.

例句

1. 米海洛夫斯基先生论断中的这一切特点，在他谈到俄国问题时，显然是原封未动的。他“衷心欢迎”某位雅柯夫列夫先生的异常古怪的谬论：俄国是一块白板,它可以从头开始，可以避免其他国家的错误等等。说这些话的人完全意识到，在这块白板上，拥有大地产和巨大政治特权的“旧贵族”制度代表人物还有很牢固的地位，而带来各种“进步。的资本主义也在迅速成长。——《列宁全集（第一卷）》，1955：345

1. Naturally, the peculiarities of Mr. Mikhailovsky’s reasoning remain unchanged even when he passes to Russia. He “welcomes with all his heart” the equally strange stories of a Mr. Yakovlev that Russia is a tabula rasa, that she can begin from the beginning, avoid the mistakes of other countries, and so on and so forth. And all this is said in the full knowledge that this tabula rasa still affords a very firm foothold for representatives of the “old-nobility” system, with its large-scale landed proprietorship and tremendous political privileges, and that it provides the basis for the rapid development of capitalism, with all its diverse “progress.” -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1977: 400.

2. 必须对问题作更具体的阐述，必须撇开一般进步来谈俄国资本主义社会的“进步”来谈对这种进步的错误了解，因为这种了解曾造成所谓白板、所谓“人民生产”、所谓俄国资本主义没有根基这类可笑的民粹主义的童话。《列宁全集（第一卷）》，1955：102

2. The problem must be formulated more concretely, it must be reduced from progress in general to the “progress” of capitalist society in Russia, to those errors in understanding this progress which gave rise to the ridiculous Narodnik fables about the tabula rasa, about “people’s production,” about Russian capitalism having no basis, etc. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1977: 441-442.

3. 马克思主义者对这些问题的提法应该和民粹派先生们的一贯提法有所不同。后者是从“现代科学和现代道德观念”的角度提出问题的，照他们说来，似乎这类改革的不能实现，没有什么深刻的、潜藏在生产关系本身中的原因，而只是由于情感粗暴方面的阻碍，如“理智的光芒”微弱等等，似乎俄国是一块白板，现在只是需要在上面正确地规划正确的道路而己。——《列宁全集（第一卷）》，1955：429

3. The Marxists must raise these problems differently than Messrs. the Narodniks do. The latter pose the problem from the viewpoint of “modern science, modern moral ideas”; the matter is presented as though there are no profound causes of the failure to implement such reforms, causes contained within production relations themselves, as though the obstacle lies only in grossness of feelings, in the feeble “ray of reason,” etc.; as though Russia is a tabula rasa on which nothing has to be done except properly outline the right paths. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1977: 505.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
本文首先对交互式电子白板应用于教学的研究现状、小学英语写作课堂教学的研究现状进行综述，分析了小学英语写作的意义、总体目标与内容、理念与特点，并指出了当前我国小学英语写作教学存在的普遍问题；之后通过分析小学英语写作的重要性以及交互式电子白板在小学英语写作课堂教学方面的突出优势，提出了运用交互式电子白板进行小学英语写作课堂教学的适度性原则、拓展性原则和渐进性原则；同时结合小学生自身的特点，提出了基于交互式电子白板的小学英语写作课堂教学的策略并将其付诸教学实践。——《基于交互式电子白板的小学英语写作课堂教学策略研究》，河北大学硕士学位论文，2013
Firstly, this article has reviewed literature of the previous researches on application of the interactive whiteboard in teaching and on the instruction of primary English writing and analyzed the significance, the overall goal and content and the concept and characteristics of the primary English writing. Meanwhile, it has pointed out the general problems existing in primary English writing instruction. Then through the analysis of the importance of primary English writing and advantages of interactive whiteboard in primary English instruction, the author proposed the principles of moderation, expansion and progression using in interactive electronic whiteboard for primary English instruction. At the same time, combining with the characteristics of the pupils' we have proposed the strategies about primary English writing instruction based on the interactive electronic whiteboard and put them into teaching practices.

例句 2：
本文分析了5种教育理念对高职医学教育观和教学观的影响.教育理念对国家教育和教师的教育观和教学观具有规范和指导作用.我国高职医学院校的教育理念主要是白板人性教育观和