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字词 自然垄断
释义

自然垄断【英】

natural monopoly

译文来源

[1] Xi Jinping, Xi Jinping: The Governance of China [M]. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2014: 87.
[2] 关月.英汉双向管理词典[Z].上海交通大学出版社,2006:1098.

定义

如果由一个厂商生产整个行业产出的生产总成本比由两个或者两个以上厂商生产这个产出的生产总成本低,这个行业就是自然垄断的。如果自由竞争的结果造成由单一厂商生产,则该行业可以算是个自由垄断行业。或者,如果种种竞争力量导致了一种不同的行业结构,那么,也可能出现自然垄断。一般来说,自然垄断的特点在于一个代表性厂商的成本函数的次可加性(伊特韦尔,1996:648)。
自然垄断是恰好使市场只能容纳一个公司的一种自然条件。自然垄断能否存在的决定性判断标准是,市场的需求必须小得只要有一家在不断降低成本的情况下经营的公司就能满足。第二家公司不可能进入这一行业,因为仅仅一家公司就能生产出两家公司可能生产的产量,而其总成本则比两家公司可能花费的为低。因此,一家正在进入市场的公司必须通过削价的方法设法占领整个市场,这样,两家公司当中便只有一家能够继续存在下去。铁路运输业就是一个典型的情况,当客货运输增加时,其成本就降低。这是铁路运输业务生产职能的不可分性的直接结果。一旦运输业机构设立起来并有了必要的铁轨和车站,客货运输的增加就会降低平均成本,如果对这种业务的需求仅限于不断降低成本的某一具体路线,那么就会存在自然垄断,而其他公司进入这一领域就会无利可图。在美国,这种情况在19世纪80年代造成了在平行线路上营运的铁路公司之间的价格战。收入的损失从没有竞争的地方得到补偿。经济的增长能破坏自然垄断,因为需求也在增加,当垄断者不再能在有限的不断降低成本的范围内经营时,自然垄断就破坏了。现在,在自然垄断理论的幌子下,公用事业取得了垄断的地位(刘伟,1994:225)。

定义来源

[1] 伊特韦尔.新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典[Z].经济科学出版社1996.
[2] 刘伟.经济学大辞典[Z].团结出版社,1994.

例句

1. 全会决定提出一系列有针对性的改革举措,包括国有资本加大对公益性企业的投入;国有资本继续控股经营的自然垄断行业,实行以政企分开、政资分开、特许经营、政府监管为主要内容的改革,根据不同行业特点实行网运分开、放开竞争性业务;健全协调运转、有效制衡的公司法人治理结构;建立职业经理人制度,更好发挥企业家作用;建立长效激励约束机制,强化国有企业经营投资责任追究;探索推进国有企业财务预算等重大信息公开;国有企业要合理增加市场化选聘比例,合理确定并严格规范国有企业管理人员薪酬水平、职务待遇、职务消费、业务消费。——《习近平谈治国理政》,2014:79

1. The Decision proposes a series of targeted reform measures: We must ensure that state-owned capital increases its input into public-service-oriented enterprises; in natural monopoly industries in which state-owned capital continues to hold controlling interests, carry out a reform focusing on separation of government administration from enterprise management, separation of government administration from state assets management, franchise operation, and government oversight, separate network ownership from operation, and deregulate control over competitive businesses in light of the conditions of different industries; improve the corporate governance structure to ensure smooth operation and effective checks and balances; establish a system of professional managers, and give better play to the role of business executives; establish a long-term incentive-and-restraint mechanism, and strengthen investigations into the accountability of SOE operations and investment; and explore ways to publicize important information, including SOE financial budgets. Moreover, SOEs should appropriately increase the proportion of market-based recruitment, and properly determine and strictly regulate the salary level, post-related benefits and expenses as well as business spending of SOE managerial personnel. -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 87.

2. “位置的自然垄断,特别是在城市的〈伦敦西蒂区的位置的自然垄断〉条件下以及在气候对一些国家的农业生产的影响下,其次,土壤特有的肥力的自然垄断,例如在有特别好的葡萄园的情况下以及在不同的国家比较的情况下,例如把热带产品销售到温带国家{“例如某些国家(南欧、热带国家)对某种自然垄断的产品抽出口税时深信,这些关税将转嫁给外国的消费者”(第15页,注释11)。如果瓦格纳先生由此推出南欧国家的出口税,那就表明,他对这些关税的“历史”一无所知},——将使来自自然的(至少是部分的)自由的财物成为纯经济财物,获得这种财物要付出很高的报酬。”(第15页)。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第十九卷)》,1963:397

2. “In particular natural monopolies of location have the effect, especially in urban” (!natural monopoly of the location in the City of London!) “conditions, then under the influence of the climate for the agricultural production of entire countries, further, natural monopolies of the specific fertility of the land, e.g. with especially good vineyards, and indeed even between different peoples, e.g. in the sale of tropical products to countries of the temperate zone.” //“One example are the export duties on products of a kind of natural monopoly, which are imposed in some countries (Southern Europe, tropical countries) on the safe assumption that they will be passed on to the foreign consumers” (Note 11, p. 15). In deducing export duties in the Southern countries from this, Mr. Wagner shows that he knows nothing of the “history” of these duties “that goods at least partially free in nature become purely economic ones, sold as a matter of business to the highest bidder” (p. 15). -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 24), 1989: 531-532.

3. 那些存在自然垄断的生产部门,即使它们的利润率高于社会利润率,也不受这种平均化过程的影响。这在以后对地租论的阐述是很重要的。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第三十二卷)》,1974:74

3. Those branches of production which constitute a natural monopoly are exempted from this equalisation process, even if their rate of profit is higher than the social rate. This is important later for the development of rent. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 43), 1988: 24.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
电信、电力、铁路运输、民航、煤气和自来水供应等行业被视为自然垄断行业,其显著特点是具有规模经济性、范围经济性、网络性及固定成本沉淀性。——《论我国自然垄断行业的法律规制完善》,华中科技大学硕士学位论文,2004
Telecommunications, electric power, railway transportation, civil aviation, coal gas and running water supply etc. have been considered as natural monopoly industries. Their remarkable characteristic is to have economies of scale, economies of scope, network quality and sinking cost.

例句 2:
自然垄断的法律规制有着深刻的经济学根源。——《论自然垄断的法律规制》,华中师范大学硕士学位论文,2008
The legal regulation of the natural monopoly has deep economic origins.

例句 3:
自然垄断行业的法律规制问题一直是理论界和司法实践中探讨的热点和难点。——《自然垄断行业法律规制研究》,华侨大学硕士学位论文,2008
How to rule natural monopoly industry by laws has always been a hot and difficult question discussed in academic circle and in judicial practice.

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更新时间:2024/6/29 5:27:30