字词 | 质变 |
释义 | 质变【英】qualitative change译文来源Mao Tse-tung: Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 1) [C]. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965:342. 定义质变,亦称“突变”。指事物根本性质的变化,即渐进过程的中断,从一种质态向另一种质态的突变即飞跃。与“量变”相对。事物运动的基本状态之一。人们对事物质变的认识是逐步深化的。古希腊哲学家早在探讨世界始基和运动变化的过程中,就已提出了质变的思想。米利都学派的哲学家们,曾从不同角度阐述了物质由一种状态向另一种状态的转化。近代英国F.培根在他的物质结构学说和认识论中,表现出质变是由量变引起的思想。德国莱布尼茨却把量变与质变形而上学地割裂开来,否认自然界的飞跃。法国狄德罗阐述了量变引起质变的思想,批判“太阳底下无新事物” 这种否认事物质变的偏见。霍尔巴赫认为,事物从产生到消亡,从坚固到解体,是由不显著的变化引起的,从逐渐不显著变化会过渡到显著的变化。还认为事物量变和质变都是由事物本质和运动决定的。德国黑格尔对质变有极为深刻的论述。他从质和量是相互依存的见解出发,认为事物单纯量的变化达到一定“交错点”时,就会发生质变,并且提出质变是渐进过程的中断、是飞跃的思想。他说:“新生的质按其单纯的量的关系来说,对正在消失的质是不确定的另外一种质,是漠不相关的质,所以过渡就是一个飞跃。”(《逻学。有论·实在的尺度》)承认质变或飞跃,这是真正从事物的发展,从其发生和消灭中观察事物的关键。但黑格尔是在唯心主义基础上论述关于质变的思想的。辩证唯物主义真正揭示出质变的根源、特征以及质变和量变的关系。认为质变是由事物内部矛盾引起的,是量变发展到一定程度的必然结果。恩格斯指出:“没有物质或运动的增加或减少,即没有有关物体的量的变化,是不可能改变这个物体的质的。”(《马克思恩格斯选集》4卷第311页)事物的质变具有明显的特征。质变标志着量的渐进过程的中断,是事物质的飞跃。质变不是完全抛弃事物渐进发展的成果,而是凝结和保留着原有量变的积极因素,并为新的量变开拓道路。事物的质变源于事物内部的矛盾运动。当事物内部的矛盾斗争激化、双方力量对比的结果使基本矛盾双方主次地位发生根本变化,原来处于被支配地位的非主要矛盾方面上升为主要方面时,一事物就转化为另一不同质的事物。质变在事物发展中具有重要地位,经过质变旧事物才会灭亡,新事物才会产生。它是事物发展的决定性环节,也是造成世界上千差万别的事物及其丰富个性的根据。(金炳华.2003:259) 定义来源金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003. 例句1. 我们在日常生活中所看见的统一、团结、联合、调和、均势、相持、僵局、静止、有常、平衡、凝聚、吸引等等,都是事物处在量变状态中所显现的面貌。而统一物的分解,团结、联合、调和、均势、相持、僵局、静止、有常、平衡、凝聚、吸引等等状态的破坏,变到相反的状态,便都是事物在质变状态中、在一种过程过渡到他种过程的变化中所显现的面貌。事物总是不断地由第一种状态转化为第二种状态,而矛盾的斗争则存在于两种状态中,并经过第二种状态而达到矛盾的解决。——《毛泽东选集(第一卷)》,1991:307 1. When the thing is in the second state of motion, the quantitative change of the first state has already reached a culminating point and gives rise to the dissolution of the thing as an entity and thereupon a qualitative change ensues, hence the appearance of a conspicuous change. Such unity, solidarity, combination, harmony, balance, stalemate, deadlock, rest, constancy, equilibrium, solidity, attraction, etc., as we see in daily life, are all the appearances of things in the state of quantitative change. On the other hand, the dissolution of unity, that is, the destruction of this solidarity, combination, harmony, balance, stalemate, deadlock, rest, constancy, equilibrium, solidity and attraction, and the change of each into its opposite are all the appearances of things in the state of qualitative change, the transformation of one process into another. Things are constantly transforming themselves from the first into the second state of motion; the struggle of opposites goes on in both states but the contradiction is resolved through the second state. -Quoted from Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 1), 1965: 342. 2. 可以确定的事实是,马克思在1844年底就开始走向第二次思想变革(解构人本学劳动异化逻辑,创立科学世界观,基于历史唯物主义确立科学社会主义)的非常时期。这里的“非常时期”一词源自笔者对美国科学哲学家库恩范式理论的借鉴。它指从一种旧的理论“范式”(此时马克思的人本主义劳动异化逻辑构架)走向一种新的理论“范式”(马克思主义的科学观)的革命性质变过程。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:312 2. What we can be sure of is that by the end of 1844, Marx began the exceptional period that culminated with his second philosophical shift (the deconstruction of the humanist theory of labor alienation, establishment of a scientific worldview, and founding of scientific socialism on the basis of historical materialism). I borrow the words “exceptional period” here from the paradigm theory of American scientist-philosopher Thomas Kuhn. It indicates the revolutionary transition from an old theoretical “paradigm” (for Marx at this time, this was the logical structure of humanist labor estrangement) to a new theoretical “paradigm” (the scientific perspective of Marxism). -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 239. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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