货币的本质【英】

the essence of money; the nature of money

译文来源

[1] Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 130.
[2] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 40) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1983: 395.

定义

“货币的本质就是一般等价物”（via: http://www.baike.com/wiki/货币%20）。关于货币的本质问题，存在两种观点，货币金属论和货币名目论。货币金属论者从货币的价值尺度、储藏手段和世界货币等职能出发，认为货币必须具有金属内容和实质价值，货币的价值取决于贵金属的价值，主张货币与贵金属等同。作为货币金、银本位制的产物，随着20世纪初金本位制度的崩溃，货币金属论的影响力正日益减弱（via: http://baike.sogou.com/v72035.htm）。货币名目论者从货币的流通手段、支付手段等职能出发，认为货币只是一种符号，一种名目上的存在，对货币的实质价值予以否定。在目前的西方货币学说中，货币名目论占统治地位（via: http://baike.baidu.com/item/货币/85299）。货币是商品交换发展到一定阶段的产物，是从商品中分离出来的固定地充当一般等价物的特殊商品（廖盖隆等，1993：533）。随着商品交换和商品经济的不断发展，货币具有价值尺度、流通手段、支付手段、贮藏手段、世界货币等五项职能。历史上，不同地区曾以不同的商品充当货币，后来货币商品逐渐过渡为金银等贵金属。随着商品生产的发展和商品交换范围的扩大，商品货币的供应越来越不能满足日益增长的货币需求，为弥补流通手段的不足，于是代用货币、信用货币等逐渐出现。到20世纪，金银慢慢退出货币舞台，不兑现纸币和银行支票成为各国主要的流通手段和支付手续（via: http://baike.so.com/doc/2579777-2724200.html）。

定义来源

[1] 货币的本质.via:
http://www.baike.com/wiki/货币%20
[2] 货币的本质.via:
http://baike.sogou.com/v72035.htm
[3] 货币的本质.via:
http://baike.baidu.com/item/货币/85299
[4] 廖盖隆.马克思主义百科要览（上卷）[Z].人民日报出版社，1993.
[5] 货币的本质.via:
http://baike.so.com/doc/2579777-2724200.html

例句

1. 马克思认为，货币作为一个媒介（关系）看似成为人与人交换的环节，但人们却在这个媒介中丧失了自己的主体性；货币看似体现了人的某种特质，却把人的本质异己化了；货币看似服务于人，却获得了对人（主体）的支配“权力”：货币看似匍匐于人的脚下，却成为人的“真正的上帝”！ 马克思在此以基督是人与上帝的媒介为喻，说明货帀的本质是人之本质的异化和颠倒。其实，这是一个联结，它体现了从赫斯那条货币（金钱）是人的本质异化思考逻辑（《论犹太人问题》）的延续；但这并不是一个简单的联结，它其实已然融入了马克思自己的思想激活，是马克思理论建构在逻辑上的深化和升华！——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：178

1. Marx believes that as a medium (relationship), money appears to have become the link between people in exchange, though through this medium, people lose their subjectivity. Money appears to reveal some particular characteristic of people, though it ultimately alienates man’s essence. Money appears to serve people, though it ultimately acquires the power to control man (the subject). Money may seem to grovel at the feet of man, but in reality, it has become the “true god” of mankind. Using the analogy of Jesus as the medium between man and God, Marx explains that the essence of money is the alienation and inversion of the essence of man. Marx’s comments here are an exposition, integrating Marx’s own thinking and judgments; it is also a connection, representing an extension of Hess’ philosophical logic that money is the alienation of the human essence (On the Jewish Question). However, this is not a simple connection, but rather a deepening and sublimation of Marx’s theoretical structure. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 130.

2. 但是，虽然这门科学当时根本不存在，也不可能存在，因而也不是赫拉克利特的思维对象，下面的看法无论如何还是对的：正因为赫拉克利特从来不遵循反思的规定，而只是遵循思辨概念，所以他在这个残篇中从货币的实在的深度认识了货币的本质，并且比现代许多经济学家认识得正确。考察一下，在这一领域中的新发现是怎样从上述思想的单纯的结论中自然而然产生的，这也许不是毫无意义的，而且这并不象乍一看来那样与论题无关。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第二十九卷）》，1974: 385

2. But although this science neither existed nor could have existed at that time and therefore was not the object of Heraclitus' thought, it is correct to say that, precisely because he never goes by reflex categories but only by the speculative concept, Heraclitus has, in that fragment, discerned the nature of money in all its profundity and this more truly than many a modern economist. And it may not be altogether without interest or, indeed, so irrelevant as might at first appear, to observe how what is simply a consequence of that thought automatically gives rise to the modern discoveries in this field. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 40), 1983: 395.

3. 穆勒把货币称为交换的媒介，这就非常成功地用一个概念表达了事情的本质。货币的本质，首先不在于财产通过它转让，而在于人的产品赖以互相补充的中介活动或中介运动，人的、社会的行动异化了并成为在人之外的物质东西的属性，成为货币的属性。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第四十二卷）》，1979：18

3. Mill very well expresses the essence of the matter in the form of a concept by characterising money as the medium of exchange. The essence of money is not, in the first place, that property is alienated in it, but that the mediating activity or movement, the human, social act by which man's products mutually complement one another, is estranged from man and becomes the attribute of money, a material thing outside man. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 3), 1975: 212.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
我国传统货币理论认为：货币的本质是商品或一般等价物，而西方经济学则认为：货币的本质是任何被普遍接受的东西。——“论货币本质”，载于《金融理论与实践》2002年第2期
The traditional monetary theory in China considers that the nature of money is commodity or universal equivalent. The western economics considers that the nature of money is anything which can be accepted universally.

例句 2：
在货币演变过程中，货币的信用担保主体逐步外化，但其信用结构最后都收敛为对货币具有普遍接受能力的信任，所以货币的本质是信用，它贯穿了货币演变的全过程。——“论货币的本质是信用——从货币演变史中抽象货币的本质和演变规律”，载于《贵州财经学院学报》2003年第6期
The subject of credit guarantee has gradually externalized in the evolvement course of money, but its credit structure eventually converges on the trust in the universal acceptability of money. Therefore, the essence of money is credit, which penetrates the whole evolvement process of money.

例句 3：
分析结果认为：比特币极其接近货币的本质，同时基本具备货币的五大职能，但是由于它在发行机制方面固有的特点（总量固定、产生速度由算法确定），很难替代纸币成为未来的货币。——“比特币的货币属性分析”，载于《金融教育研究》2014年第3期
The results show that Bitcoin is not essentially different from the essence of currency and it almost has the five functions of currency, however, due to the inherent features of Bitcoin’s issue mechanism (the total amounts is fixed, the speed to get new Bitcoin is based on the algorithm), it is hard for Bitcoin to replace traditional currency to become future currency.