字词 | 同业公会 |
释义 | 同业公会【英】guild译文来源[1] guild. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild 定义在劳工运动的初期,工人为同雇主集体谈判而成立的工会,大多是技艺工会。早期技艺工会是指成员仅限于需要某种特定技能的行业或拥有熟练技能的行业的工会,它排斥非技术工人和半技术工人,随着工业机械化的发展,技术工人在工业中不在居于显要地位,而半技术工人,非技术工人地位日益提高,所以大部分现代技艺工会已经把它们的范围扩大到了与最初限定的行业关系并不怎么密切的职业和技艺。例如,名为技艺工会的国际机械工人协会,由于吸收了航空工业的生产工人,实际上已成为一个产业工会,多数技艺工会中,其地方分会都有一个地域管辖范围,即管辖某一城市的一个行业的成员。地方工会往往比全国工会的行业专一性更强,所以属于统一全国工会的成员,如砌砖工、泥瓦工和抹灰工,在美国大多数城市都有各自的地方工会,当一个技艺工会代表几个行业的,工资最高的行业往往在决定工会内部政策上居于统治地位(刘伟等,1994:316)。 定义来源[1] 刘伟,梁小民,雎国余,杨云龙.经济学大辞典[Z].团结出版社,1994. 例句1. 谁在谈论手工业者的同业公会?反动分子。说什么手工业者等级应该在国家内组织国家。这样的思想用现代语言来说就是:“国家应变为手工业者等级。”你们不觉得太引人注目了吗?如果对于手工业者来说,他们的等级应当成为国家,同时,如果现代的手工业者像任何现代人一样,把国家理解为而且只能理解为他的全体同胞的共同领域,那么,你们除了把这两个概念综合为手工业者的国家以外,还能综合为什么别的概念呢?——《马克思恩格斯全集(第一卷)》,1960:294 1. Who is it that talks of artisans' corporations? The reactionaries. The artisans' estate, they say, ought to form a state within the state. Do you find it remarkable that such ideas, expressed in modern language, therefore take the form: "The state ought to be turned into an estate of the artisans"? If for the artisan his estate ought to be the state, and if the modern artisan, like every modern person, understands, and can understand, by the state only the sphere common to all his fellow citizens, how can you combine these two ideas except in the idea of an artisans' state? -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1975: 220. 2. 在起源于中世纪的民族那里,部落所有制先经过了几个不同的阶段——封建地产,同业公会的动产,工场手工业资本——然后才变为由大工业和普遍竞争所产生的现代资本,即变成抛弃了共同体的一切外观并消除了国家对财产发展的任何影响的纯粹私有制。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第三卷)》,1995:70 2. In the case of the nations which grew out of the Middle Ages, tribal property evolved through various stages—feudal landed property, corporative movable property, capital invested in manufacture—to modern capital, determined by large-scale industry and universal competition, i.e., pure private property, which has cast off all semblance of a communal institution and has shut out the state from any influence on the development of property. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5), 1975: 90. 3. 三是“封建的或等级的所有制”。马克思说,“中世纪的起点则是乡村”,这里出现的是以土地占有为基础的封建等级制;在城市中则出现了“同业公会(die Korporation)所有制”,即“行会(Guild)”。这种手工业的封建组织是一种和农村等级制相似的等级制。另外,封建所有制的主要形式,“一方面是地产和束缚于地产上的农奴劳动,另一方面是拥有少量资本并支配者帮工劳动的自身劳动”。 —— 《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009: 442 3. The third is feudal or estate property. Marx writes: “the Middle Ages started out form the country,” what appears here is a feudal hierarchy based on the ownership of land. In the cities, on the other hand, there appears “corporative (die Korporation) property, i.e., ‘guilds.’” This artisanal feudal organization is a hierarchical system similar to the hierarchy in the villages. Furthermore, “the chief form of property during the feudal epoch consisted on the one hand of landed property with serf labour chained to it, and on the other of the labour of the individual with small capital commanding the labour of journeymen.” -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 344. |
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