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字词 劳动
释义

劳动【英】

labor

译文来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:203.

定义

劳动通常是指能够对外输出劳动量或劳动价值的人类运动。劳动是人维持自我生存和自我发展的唯一手段。按照传统的劳动分类理论,劳动可分为脑力劳动和体力劳动两大类。劳动是人类运动的一种特殊形式。在商品生产体系中,劳动是劳动力的支出和使用(劳动.via:http://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8?sefr=cr)。劳动即劳动力的使用或消费。它是人们支出体力和脑力,使用劳动工具,改变自然物质形式的有目的的活动。劳动为人类所独有,是人类最基本的实践活动。人类的劳动借助于劳动资料,使劳动对象发生预定的变化的过程,即劳动过程。随着科学技术的进步和应用,脑力劳动在总劳动中的比重日益增大(中国社会科学院经济研究所,2005:622)。劳动的性质决定于生产关系的性质。在原始社会的生产关系下,人们平等地从事集体劳动;在奴隶社会的生产关系下,形成奴隶劳动;在封建社会的生产关系下,形成农奴劳动;在资本主义社会的生产关系下,形成雇佣劳动;在社会主义社会的生产关系下,形成平等互利、互助合作的联合劳动。马克思主义政治经济学对劳动进行了不同角度的考察与划分。从生产商品的劳动具有的二重属性来看,有具体劳动与抽象劳动;从劳动的复杂程度来看,有简单劳动与复杂劳动;从劳动的存在形式和其在价值形成中的作用来看,有物化劳动与活劳动;从劳动的社会性质来看,有私人劳动与社会劳动;从是否创造物质资料来看,有生产劳动与非生产劳动;从劳动所能满足的需要来看,有必要劳动与剩余劳动;从劳动的耗费方式来看,有体力劳动与脑力劳动等。劳动包含劳动者、劳动工具、劳动技能、劳动对象、劳动过程、劳动的管理和劳动成品(产品)等七种要素(刘炳瑛,1988:323)。“劳动力的使用就是劳动本身”(马克思等,2009:207)。

定义来源

[1] 劳动.via:http://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8?sefr=cr.
[2] 中国社会科学院经济研究所.现代经济辞典[Z]. 凤凰出版社,江苏人民出版社,2005.
[3] 刘炳瑛.马克思主义原理辞典[Z].浙江人民出版社,1988.
[4] 马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯文集(第五卷)[C].人民出版社,2009.

例句

1. 劳动在黑格尔的哲学话语中有两次关键性的理论指认。第一次是在《精神现象学》那个个体意识进程中,劳动作为主人、奴隶和物的辩证中介,表现为个人主体在对象中确立自己的通道。第二次,绝对观念从天国(《逻辑学》)出发,其总体异化在经历自然沉沦之后,劳动成为异化主体经历的第三阶段,即绝对精神假手社会历史运转实现自身中的一种必然手段。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:68

1. In Hegel’s philosophical discourse, “labor” had two critical theoretical meanings. The first can be found in the progression of the individual consciousness in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. Here, labor acts as the dialectic intermediary between master, slave, and substance, and it is expressed as the individual subject establishing his own path in the object. The second is the departure of the Absolute Idea from Heaven (Science of Logic); after experiencing the natural fall in the process of the total alienation of the Absolute Idea, labor becomes the third stage in the alienation of the subject. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 39.

2. 某一民族内部的分工,首先引起工商业劳动和农业劳动的分离,从而也引起城乡的分离和城乡利益的对立。分工的进一步发展导致商业劳动和工业劳动的分离。同时,由于这些不同部门内部的分工,在某一劳动部门共同劳动的个人之间的分工也愈来愈细致了。这些种种细致的分工的相互关系是由农业劳动、工业劳动和商业劳动的经营方式(父权制、奴隶制、等级、阶级)决定的。在交往比较发达的情况下,同样的关系也会在各民族间的相互关系中出现。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第三卷)》,1956:24-25

2. The division of labour inside a nation leads at first to the separation of industrial and commercial from agricultural labour, and hence to the separation of town and country and to the conflict of their interests. Its further development leads to the separation of commercial from industrial labour. At the same time through the division of labour inside these various branches there develop various divisions among the individuals co-operating in definite kinds of labour. The relative position of these individual groups is determined by the way work is organised in agriculture, industry and commerce (patriarchalism, slavery, estates, classes). These same conditions are to be seen (given a more developed intercourse) in the relations of different nations to one another. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 36): Capital, 1975: 32.

3. 就内涵的意思而言,马克思的思想也包含工具理性的成分,因为马克思强调劳动 (《传统理论和批判理论》一书对此作了积极的评论),强调自然界是人类开发的对象,便使他同样陷入了启蒙运动的传统内。因此,在法兰克福学派那里,阶级斗争和政治经济学已退居第二位,而让位于对人与自然之间的关系的堕落方式作出更为广泛的探讨。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2005:275

3. By implication, Marx’s thought, too, contained elements of instrumental reason: Marx’s emphasis on labour (which had been viewed positively in Traditional and Critique Theory) and on nature as an object for human exploitation put him in the Enlightenment tradition. Thus class struggle and political economy took second place in the Frankfurt School to a broader account of the way in which the relationship between man and nature had become vitalized. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 289.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
在早期马克思研究史上,人们对《巴黎手稿》异化劳动理论评价很低的一个重要理由是它存在着无法解决的“aporia”,甚至可看作是循环论证。——“马克思的异化劳动理论究竟是不是循环论证”,载于《学术月刊》2012年第3期
Regarding the research on early Marx, one of the most important reasons that the theory of alienated labor in Paris Manuscript is not highly-evaluated is the “aporia”, or even circular reasoning to some degree.

例句 2:
社会关系复杂多样,劳动关系是其中最重要的一种,和谐的劳动关系是构建和谐社会的前提和基础——《以人为本视角下和谐劳动关系的构建》,浙江理工大学硕士学位论文,2010
The social relationship is various and complicated, the most important one of it is the labor relationship. The harmonious labor relationship is the precondition and groundwork of constructing the harmonious society.

例句 3:
只有先将企业的员工视为内部的宾客,给员工提供良好舒适的工作生活环境,处理好企业与员工的劳动关系,才能使员工为外部宾客提供优质的服务,提升饭店的整体竞争力。——《基于<劳动合同法>的旅游饭店劳动关系研究》,中国海洋大学硕士学位论文,2009
Only treating staff as internal guests firstly, providing them a comfortable working and living environment, and dealing with labor relations well, staff would provide a high-quality service for external guests to enhance the overall competitiveness of the hotel.

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