比例【英】

proportion

译文来源

金炳华，冯契.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2001：75.

定义

比例属于形式美法则之一，指事物之间合乎一定数理规律的组合关系。古希腊毕达哥拉斯学派最早提出比例一词，认为身体美在于“各部分之间的比例对称”。英国荷迦兹认为事物合比例才美，比例由“适宜”决定。比例是事物各部分之间以及部分与整体之间的匀称性、严整性、和谐性，它是事物本身所客观具备的特性，反映了事物种类的特征和质量的规定性，但它又不是对客观存在关系的刻板模仿，而是审美主体的“内在尺度”与对象尺度之间的谐调。人在实践中反复接触某事物形式的比例关系，在头脑中形成了一定的约定俗成的比例观念，把握了事物的定比关系，当事物再度以特定的数理关系作用于人的感官、大脑，同原先已确立的比例观念而形成的快适心理经验相契合时，这种形式便被认为是合比例的、合度的、美的。比例既有稳定性和约定俗成的特征，又有变易性和可塑性，是造成优美感的必要条件。比例在艺术中被广泛运用。如空间艺术中的黄金分割律，即是整体与较大部分之比，等于较大部分与较小部分之比。绘画的构图与原物之间，也存在放大或缩小的比例关系。雕塑和建筑物在三度空间和两度空间的各个部分之间存在着长宽高的比例关系、虚与实的比例关系和凹与凸的比例关系，这种比例关系是决定建筑物美不美的主要因素（朱立元，2014：661）。

定义来源

朱立元.美学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2014.

例句

1. 尤其请大家需要着重鉴别的是，这个自然秩序已经不完全是康德那种外在的“自然意图”（固然它有时还披着神学或者封建的外衣），而是存在于人与人之间的经济活动中但不以个人意志为转移的客观规律。这种规律恰恰是通过人与人的自由竞争自发实现的。例如，自由竞争可以将劳动以正确的比例分配给各产业部门，以形成一种合理比例的自组织。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：47-48

1. We must be careful to differentiate one point, which is that the natural order spoken of by the physiocrats is not Kant’s “intention of Nature”（though it is true that the intention of Nature was sometimes described in theological or feudal terms). Rather, the natural order is an objective law, which exists in the economic activities of inter-human relationships; however, it is not determined by human will. Thus, the natural law is spontaneously realized through free competition between individuals. For instance, free competition can distribute the correct proportion of labor to various production departments, creating a natural organization of reasonable proportions. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 21.

2. 他认为，如果每个人的财富都是社会的财富，每个人又都是平等的，那么每个人都应该可以随意支配任何社会财富。这样，所有权本身必然是自相矛盾的。财富为个人所有的权利必然是反社会的，是一种在社会之外的东西。“法国的革命可以界说为物权代替了身份权；这就是说，在封建主义时代，财产的价值是由所有人的身份来决定的，在革命之后，对于人的尊重是按照他的财产的比例而定的”。这是入木三分的见解。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：99

2. Proudhon believed that if the wealth of each individual is really the wealth of society and if all individuals are really equal, then any member of society ought to be able to control any portion of the wealth of society at his whim. In this sense, property cannot help but contradict itself. As Proudhon writes in What is Property, the right of individuals to own property is necessarily anti-social, a thing that exists outside of society. Proudhon elaborates on the anti-social nature of property, writing that, “The French Revolution may be defined as the substitution of real right for personal right; that is to say, in the days of feudalism, the value of property depended upon the standing of the proprietor, while, after the Revolution, the regard for the man was proportional to his property.” This is a profound insight. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 65.

3. 全会提出，完善国有资产管理体制，以管资本为主加强国有资产监管，改革国有资本授权经营体制；国有资本投资运营要服务于国家战略目标，更多投向关系国家安全、国民经济命脉的重要行业和关键领域，重点提供公共服务、发展重要前瞻性战略性产业、保护生态环境、支持科技进步、保障国家安全；划转部分国有资本充实社会保障基金；提高国有资本收益上缴公共财政比例，更多用于保障和改善民生。——《习近平谈治国理政》，2014：78

3. The Decision states that China will improve the state assets management system, strengthen state assets oversight with capital management at the core, and reform the authorized operation mechanism for state capital. State-owned capital investment operations must serve the strategic goals of the state, invest more in key industries and areas that are vital to national security and are the lifeblood of the economy, focus on offering public services, develop important and future-oriented strategic industries, protect the ecological environment, support scientific and technological progress, and guarantee national security. The government will transfer part of the state-owned capital to social security funds. We will increase the proportion of state-owned capital gains that are turned over to the public finance, to be used to ensure and improve the people’s livelihood. -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 86.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
第四部分为行政强制中比例原则适用的修正与完善。根据比例原则的适用困境从宏观、中观、微观三个层面提出完善比例原则在行政强制中适用的路径。——《论行政强制中比例原则的适用》，广东外语外贸大学硕士学位论文，2014
The fourth part focuses on the perfection of principle of proportionality in the administrative enforcement from the macroscopic, middle and microcosmic view.

例句 2：
比例原则包括了妥当性原则、必要性原则以及狭义的比例原则即均衡原则。——《论刑事诉讼比例原则》，浙江工业大学硕士学位论文，2012
Principle of proportion includes principle of appropriateness, principle of necessity and principle of proportion in narrow sense.

例句 3：
试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同比例棉副产品对绵羊生产性能、养分表观消化率和血液生化指标的影响。——“日粮中添加不同比例棉副产品对绵羊生产性能、营养物质消化率及血液生化指标的影响”，载于《中国畜牧兽医》2016年12期
The study was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary cotton by-products levels on production performance, nutrient digestibility and blood biochemical indexes of sheep.