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字词 悖论
释义

悖论【英】

paradox

译文来源

[1]     Paradox. E25via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox
[2] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:578.

定义

悖论是一种特殊的逻辑矛盾命题,它在逻辑上是自相矛盾的恒假命题,其标准形式是P←→乛P,即由前提P可推出非P,并且由前提非P也可推出P。古希腊时期,麦加拉学派的“说谎者悖论”、“芝诺悖论”等都是原初的悖论的经典命题,其中“说谎者悖论”是说“我正在说的这句话是假的”,这句话是真还是假?如果它是真的,即“我正在说的这句话是假的”是真的,那么它就是假话,它是假的;如果这句话是假的,即“我正在说的这句话是假话”是假的,那么它就不是假话,而是真的。古代和中世纪的逻辑学家曾花费大量精力研究悖论问题。19世纪末20世纪初,在康托尔的集合论中发现了几个著名的悖论:布拉里—福蒂悖论,即最大序数的悖论;康托尔悖论,即最大基数的悖论;罗素悖论,即“所有不属于自身的集合所构成的集合”悖论。这些被拉姆齐称为逻辑悖论,它们可以用形式系统的语言或曰对象语言来表述。另外,还发现了几个不在集合论范围内的悖论,如:里查德悖论,即:“一切可以用有穷个字定义的实数”悖论;格雷林悖论,即“非自状形容词悖论”等。这些连同“说谎者悖论”都属于语义悖论,即在不同程度上需要借助于元语言来加以阐述。逻辑悖论和语义悖论这种分类法是由拉姆齐于1926年提出,至今被广泛采用。为消除康托尔集合论中的悖论,策梅罗把集合论公理化,形成了公理集合论。罗素提出“(禁止)恶性循环原则”,并建立了类型论。波兰逻辑学家塔斯基为了解决语义悖论,提出了语言层次论(金炳华,2003:578)。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.

例句

1. 蒲鲁东在这种方法论上所受到的隐性制约,比他在表面上那无比激动、激情澎湃、口若悬河的批判性论述更为根本,更显关键。所以,虽然他看起来是在批判资产阶级社会,而本质上却在一个更深的理论层面论证资产阶级社会的永恒性。这种悖论,恰恰是蒲鲁东所无法理解、无法企及的辩证法。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:465

1. The latent constraints of this methodology under which Proudhon operated appear all the more fundamental, all the more critical beneath the surface of his passionate, fervent rhetoric. Therefore, although he appears to criticize bourgeois society, on a deeper theoretical level he essentially proves the eternal nature of bourgeois society. This paradox was the dialectic that Proudhon was unable to understand or aspire to. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 364.

2. 价值实体(商品、资本)是真的物,但却是历史唯物主义中最难理解的物。因为这个物具有二重性的悖论:它具有使用价值的效用存在,但这不是在资本主义经济关系中的社会本质,其本质是人类的一般抽象社会劳动,即价值。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:522

2. Value substances (commodities and capital) are actually existing things, but these are also the most difficult to understand elements of historical materialism. This is because this material possesses a dual paradox: it possesses the useful existence of value-in-use, but this is not the social essence of capitalist economic relations, which is actually man’s general abstract social labor, or value. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 411.

3. 从内部来批评马克思主义理论, 就会让人怀疑你的真诚;放弃马克思主义理论,就是为你的不真诚提供确凿的证据。有人也可能会知道对一种总体化理论保持恰当的认识究竟意味着什么:这样一种立场至少暗示了一种悖论。——《后马克思主义思想史》,2011:93

3. Criticise the theory from within and you cast doubt on your sincerity; move away from the theory and you provide conclusive proof of your insincerity. One might also wonder what it would mean to have a sense of proportion about a totalising theory: there is at least a hint of paradox in such a position. -Quoted from Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History, 2001: 59.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
逻辑悖论对于现代科学理论基础知识的建立起到了卓越的作用。——《合理行为悖论研究》,燕山大学硕士学位论文,2012
In the modern science of logic paradox, the establishment of the theoretical knowledge has the role of excellence.

例句 2:
旅游伦理悖论的产生和消解既取决于旅游者的自我约束,又与旅游的情境设置有关。而这一问题国内外研究尚不多见。——《旅游者伦理悖论研究——以四川灾害旅游为例》,陕西师范大学博士学位论文,2012
The theory “Tourist Ethical Paradox” (TEP) has not been extensively studied at home and abroad. Generation and diffusion of which are affected by both the self-restraint of tourists and the situation of tourism.

例句 3:
文章的第一部分从卡夫卡的父子关系、犹太人身份、时代精神以及艺术的本质这几方面来对卡夫卡的“悖论”创作的渊源作了一个梳理。——《“悖论”的天才——论卡夫卡的创作世界》,苏州大学硕士学位论文,2005
In the first chapter, the causes of Kafka’s “paradox” are investigated from such aspects as father-son relation, Jewish subjectivity, Zeitgeist, and the essence of art.

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