字词 | 工业革命 |
释义 | 工业革命【英】the Industrial Revolution译文来源McLellan, D. Marxism after Marx: An Introduction [M]. London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998: 175. 定义工业革命(The Industrial Revolution)开始于十八世纪六十年代,十八世纪后半期,在英国的进展已经很显著了。通常认为它发源于英格兰中部地区,是指资本主义工业化的早期历程,即资本主义生产完成了从工场手工业向机器大工业过渡的阶段。工业革命是以机器取代人力,以大规模工厂化生产取代个体工场手工生产的一场生产与科技革命。由于机器的发明及运用成为了这个时代的标志,因此历史学家称这个时代为“机器时代”(the Age of Machines)。18世纪中叶,英国人瓦特改良蒸汽机之后,由一系列技术革命引起了从手工劳动向动力机器生产转变的重大飞跃。随后向英国乃至整个欧洲大陆传播,19世纪传至北美。一般认为,蒸汽机、煤、铁和钢是促成工业革命技术加速发展的四项主要因素。英国最早开始工业革命也是最早结束工业革命的国家(via: http://baike.so.com/doc/5368885-5604723.html)。值得一提的是,第一次工业革命18世纪60年代—19世纪中期(人类开始进入蒸气时代)第二次工业革命19世纪下半叶—20世纪初(人类开始进入电气时代)第三次工业革命时间不定,约在第二次世界大战之后(via: http://wenda.so.com/q/1378195476060654?src=150)。 定义来源[1] via: http://baike.so.com/doc/5368885-5604723.html 例句1. 从历史的角度看,卢卡奇对400多年来阶级意识的发展和局限性作了精辟的阐述。他认为,阶级意识本身只能随着工业革命出现,因为只有那时,阶级才变成民族的实体,阶级意识才由于资产阶级和无产阶级的两极分化而变得“更纯” ——尽管发达资本主义社会日益加剧的变动性和复杂性明显地给最终的阶级概念的界定造成一些困难。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:167 1. Historically, Lukács gave an excellent account of the development and limitations of class consciousness over the previous four centuries and claimed that class consciousness proper only emerged with the Industrial Revolution because only then did classes become national entities and consciousness become ‘purer’ with the polarisation of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, although the growing mobility and complexity of developed capitalist society would obvious create difficulties for this last conception. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 175. 2. 面对这一博大精深的哲学构架,以往我们较多地从黑格尔表述他自己的体系的成熟论著中提炼出宏大的思辨逻辑体系,可是恰恰忽略了这一话语体系的历史形成过程,即青年黑格尔早期十分深厚的文化历史研究(图宾根到耶拿时期),特别是当时黑格尔所面对的欧洲历史与生活的现实确证——主要是法国大革命与英国工业革命。——《保卫马克思》,1984:64 2. With regard to this incredibly broad and profound phiilosophical framework, in the past we tended to focus on the mature works of Hegel, those in which he clarifies his philosophical system, in order to forge a broad speculative logic system. However, in so doing we ingored the historical research carried out by young Hegel (between the Tübingen and Jena periods), and especially his study of European history and life, centered on the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution in England. -Quoted from For Marx, 1969: 35. 3. 在他看来,今天的资本主义社会生活发生了与工业革命同等重要的革命,但是,马克思的逻辑已经不再能具有一种“曲度的弹性”延伸到这种新的社会存在中来,他反对在马克思的“商品的政治经济学”和他的“符号的政治经济学”之间具有“辩证的连续性”。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:267 3. In his eyes, today’s capitalist social life has a revolution equally important to the early industrial one. For all that, Marxist logic has lost the flexibility of the “theoretical curvature” that makes it sensible in the new social existence, which is not monopolistic capitalism at all. He opposes the dialectical continuity between the political economy of the commodity and the political economy of the sign. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 353-354. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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