字词 | 本质 |
释义 | 本质【英】essence译文来源[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:257. 定义本质范畴其实蕴含丰富的内涵,综合而言,它可以理解为:事物或现象的本体;事物的根本属性;事物的构成要素的根本属性,事物之间或事物的要素之间的必然联系,即事物的规律;事物和思维所遵循的最普遍规律或最高准则,这种规律也是普遍真理或绝对真理(孙学章,2014:149)。一般而言,本质是事物所固有的普遍的、相对稳定的内部联系,它决定着事物的性质,与“现象”相对。事物的本质是由它本身所包含的特殊矛盾构成的(金炳华,2003:257),如毛泽东曾说,“任何运动形式,其内部都包含着本身特殊的矛盾。这种特殊的矛盾,就构成一事物区别于他事物的特殊的本质”(毛泽东,1991:308-309)。本质决定现象,并通过现象表现出来。事物的本质是不能直接被人感知的,而是要靠抽象思维去把握。只有在实践中丰富地掌握事物的现象,在此基础之上进行科学的抽象,上升到理性认识,才能把握事物的本质。“认识和把握客体系统的本质的程度是相对的,决定于科学知识的发展水平”。本质和规律是相同程度的概念,认清了事物的本质,也就能够把握事物发展的规律。但是,本质的范围要比规律宽广,事物的本质往往由一系列的规律来体现。“本质与质的涵义也不相同。质是某物区别于他物的规定性,它与存在具有直接同一性,可以被人们直接感知,事物的质是多方面的,而本质存在于质之中,它是事物最一般的决定性的东西”(金炳华,2003:257)。 定义来源[1] 孙学章.本质学:向物自体还原[M].中国人民大学出版社,2014. 例句1. 我发现,经济决定论中的从流通到生产的过渡不仅具有经济学的意义,而且暗含着重大的哲学意义。这是从社会现象(交换关系)到本质(生产关系)的一种重大进展,它第一次确立了物质生产在社会生活中的决定性基始作用。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:44-45 1. I have realized that the transition from circulation to production in economic determinism not only carries a great deal of economic significance, but also has important philosophical connotations. This transition to production was a monumental shift from social phenomena (relations of exchange) to social essence; it established for the first time the decisive, fundamental role of material production in social life. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 18-19. 2. 辩证法,在其神秘形式上,成了德国的时髦东西,因为它似乎使现存事物显得光彩。辩证法,在其合理形态上,引起资产阶级及其夸夸其谈的代言人的恼怒和恐怖,因为辩证法在对现存事物的肯定的理解中包含对现存事物的否定的理解,即对现存事物的必然灭亡的理解;辩证法对每一种既成的形式都是从不断的运动中,因而也是从它的暂时性方面去理解;辩证法不崇拜任何东西,按其本质来说,它是批判的和革命的。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十三卷)》,1972:24 2. In its mystified form, dialectic became the fashion in Germany, because it seemed to transfigure and to glorify the existing state of things. In its rational form it is a scandal and abomination to bourgeoisdom and its doctrinaire professors, because it includes in its comprehension and affirmative recognition of the existing state of things, at the same time also, the recognition of the negation of that state, of its inevitable breaking up; because it regards every historically developed social form as in fluid movement, and therefore takes into account its transient nature not less that its momentary existence; because it lets nothing impose upon it, and is in its essence critical and revolutionary. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 35), 1996: 20. 3. 每个个人和每一代当作现成的东西承受下来的生产力、资金和社会交往形式的总和,是哲学家们想像为“实体”和“人的本质”的东西的现实基础,是他们神化了的并与之作斗争的东西的现实基础,这种基础尽管遭到了以“自我意识”和“唯一者”的身分出现的哲学家们的反抗,但它对人们的发展所起到的作用和影响却丝毫也不因此而有所削弱。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第三卷)》,1956:43 3. This sum of productive forces, capital funds and social forms of intercourse, which every individual and every generation finds in existence as something given, is the real basis of what the philosophers have conceived as “substance” and “essence of man”, and what they have deified and attacked; a real basis which is not in the least disturbed, in its effect and influence in the development of men, by the fact that these philosophers revolt against it as “self-consciousness” and the “unique”. These conditions of life, which different generations find in existence, determine also in history whether or not the revolutionary convulsion periodically recurring in history will strong enough to overthrow the basis of everything that exists. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5), 1975: 54. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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