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字词 现代资本主义
释义

现代资本主义【英】

modern capitalism

译文来源

[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:323.
[2] Lukács, G. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics[M]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1968: 93.

定义

现代资本主义,也即“帝国主义”或“垄断资本主义”,按列宁的观点是指资本主义发展的最高和最后阶段,列宁认为“如果必须给帝国主义下一个尽量简短的定义,那就应当说,帝国主义是资本主义的垄断阶段”(列宁,1995:650)。他在《帝国主义是资本主义的最高阶段》阐明了帝国主义的五个基本特征:“(1)生产和资本的集中发展到这样高的程度,以致造成了在经济生活中起决定作用的垄断组织;(2)银行资本和工业资本已经溶合起来,在这个“金融资本”的基础上形成了金融寡头;(3)与商品输出不同的资本输出有了特别重要的意义;(4)瓜分世界的资本家国际垄断同盟已形成;(5)最大资本主义列强已把世界上的领土分割完毕”(列宁,1995:651)。帝国主义是资本主义的特殊历史阶段。特点的三个方面为:“(1)帝国主义是垄断的资本主义;(2)帝国主义是寄生的或腐朽的资本主义;(3)帝国主义是垂死的资本主义”(列宁,1995:704)。之后德拉基辽夫和鲁登科合著的《垄断资本主义(帝国主义基本特征概论)》依据列宁的《帝国主义是资本主义的最高阶段》一书的主要论点,比如五大特征、寄生腐化、垂死等也进行了详细论述。到了20世纪60年代,垄断资本主义出现了新的情况,大多数的殖民地也已经独立,人类还应该更加深入的研究(金炳华,2003:323)。

定义来源

[1] 列宁著,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局.列宁选集[C].人民出版社,1995.
[2] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:323.

例句

1. 这就是全部现代社会的经济制度:工人阶级是生产全部价值的唯一的阶级。因为价值只是劳动的另一种表现,是我们现代资本主义社会中用以表示包含在一定商品中的社会必要劳动量的一种表现。但是,这些山工人所生产的价值不属于工人,而是属于那些占有原料、机器、工具和预付资金,因而有可能去购买工人阶级的劳动力的那些所有者。所以,工人阶级从他们所生产的全部产品中只取回一部分。另一部分,即资本家阶级保留在自己手里并至多也只须和土地所有者阶级瓜分的那一部分,如我们刚才所说的那样,随着每一项新的发明和发现而日益增大,而落到工人阶级手中的那一部分(按人口计算)或者增加得很慢和很少,或者是一点也小增加,并且在某些情况下甚至还会缩减。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十二卷)》,1965:242

1. And this is the economic constitution of the whole of our present-day society: it is the working class alone which produces all values. For value is only another expression for labour, that expression whereby in our present-day capitalist society is designated the amount of socially necessary labour contained in a particular commodity. These values produced by the workers do not, however, belong to the workers. They belong to the owners of the raw materials, machines, tools and the reserve funds which allow these owners to buy the labour power of the working class. From the whole mass of products produced by it, the working class, therefore, receives back only a part for itself. And as we have just seen, the other part, which the capitalist class keeps for itself and at most has to divide with the class of landowners, becomes larger with every new discovery and invention, while the part falling to the share of the working class (reckoned per head) either increases only very slowly and inconsiderably or not at all, and under certain circumstances may even fall. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 27), 1975: 201.

2. “宣言”十分公正地承认了资本主义在先前所起过的革命作用。意大利是第一个资本主义民族。封建的中世纪的终结和现代资本主义纪元的开端,是以一位大人物为标志的。这位人物就是意大利人但丁,他是中世纪的最后一位诗人,同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人。现在也如1300年间那样,新的历史纪元正在到来。意大利是否会给我们一个新的但丁来宣告这个无产阶级新纪元的诞生呢?——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十二卷)》,1965:431

2. The Manifesto does full justice to the revolutionary part played by capitalism in the past. The first capitalist nation was Italy. The close of the feudal Middle Ages, and the opening of the modern capitalist era are marked by a colossal figure: an Italian, Dante, both the last poet of the Middle Ages and the first poet of modern times. Today, as in 1300, a new historical era is approaching. Will Italy give us the new Dante, who will mark the hour of birth of this new, proletarian era? -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 27), 1975: 366.

3. 显然,在这里不可能分析资本主义的整个经济结构。确认下面一点必定就够了:现代资本主义的发展不仅根据自己的需要改变生产关系,而且也改变那些在前资本主义社会中孤立地、同生产相分离地存在着的原始资本主义形式,使它们适应现代资本主义的整个系统,把它们变成使整个社会从现在起彻底资本主义化的统一过程的一些环节。(商业资本,货币作为财富或货币资本起作用等等。)资本的这些形式虽然都客观地从属于资本真正的生命过程,从属于生产中对剩余价值的榨取,因此只能根据工业资本主义的本质来理解,但是,它们在资本主义社会的人的意识中则表现为资本纯粹的、真正的、非伪造的形式。——《历史与阶级意识:关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》,1996:155

3. It is obviously not possible here to give an analysis of the whole economic structure of capitalism. It must suffice to point out that modern capitalism does not content itself with transforming the relations of production in accordance with its own needs. It also integrates into its own system those forms of primitive capitalism that led an isolated existence in pre-capitalist times, divorced from production; it converts them into members of the henceforth unified process of radical capitalism. (Cf. merchant capital, the role of money as a hoard or as finance capital, etc.) These forms of capital are objectively subordinated, it is true, to the real life-process of capitalism, the extraction of surplus value in the course of production. They are, therefore, only to be explained in terms of the nature of industrial capitalism itself. But in the minds of people in bourgeois society they constitute the: pure, authentic, unadulterated forms of capital. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1968: 93.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
大众生存危机凸现了现代资本主义之“恶”。——“文化工业与大众生存——基于阿多诺的理论视角”,载于《西华师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2013年第6期
The crisis of public survival highlights the evil of modern capitalism.

例句 2:
他以“消费社会”来表征现代资本主义的新变化,并从符号学的角度对资本主义的新变化作了深刻的说明。——“鲍德里亚消费社会思想研究——以《消费社会》为解读视域”,载于《河北北方学院学报(社会科学版)》2015年第4期
He uses “consumer society” to represent the new changes of modern capitalism, and explains the new changes profoundly form the perspective of semiotics.

例句 3:
现代资本主义有了新的发展,在生产力、生产关系、劳动方式等方面都出现了新的变化。——《马克思对资本的批判及其现实意义》,苏州大学博士学位论文,2010
Modern capitalism has new development. The new changes have appeared in the productive forces, production relations, labor methods.

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