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字词 手工业
释义

手工业【英】

the artisanal industry; handicraft industry

译文来源

[1] Zhang Yibing. Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 27.
[2] What is the Handicraft Industry? via: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-handicraft-industry.htm

定义

依靠手工劳动,使用简单工具从事小规模生产的工业和服务业。初始的手工业依附于农业,属于农民副业性质的家庭手工业,即农民把生产的农产品作为原料进行加工,其产品在满足自己的需要后把多余的出卖。随着第二次社会大分工,手工业脱离农业,形成为独立的个体手工业,主要包括:自产自销的手工业,直接为消费者服务的流动手工业和为买主或厂主进行加工的手工业。其特点是以一家一户为单位,用私有的生产资料,分散经营;以本人的手工劳动进行生产,一般不雇佣他人,也有的雇佣些做辅助工作的助手和学徒。随着分工深化,手工业又进一步发展为资本主义简单协作手工业作坊和工场手工业,经过18世纪的产业革命,手工业发展为近代的机器大工业。但在农村,仍存在较多的手工业。我国传统格局的手工业,大体有家庭手工业、商业性手工业、个体手工业和工场手工业四种类型。其历史久、行业多、分布广,在国民经济中占有一定的地位(顾龙生,1993:105)。毛泽东和中国共产党人在民主革命时期,就非常重视手工业在中国社会经济发展中的地位和作用,毛泽东在中共七届二中全会上指出:“中国还有大约95%左右的分散的个体的农业经济和手工业经济,……谁要是忽视或轻视了这一点,谁就要犯‘左’倾机会主义的错误”(毛泽东,1991:1430~1431)。在建国前(1949年)我国手工业和工场手工业的产值占全部工业总产值的43.6%。新中国成立后,国家对个体手工业进行了社会主义改造,并积极扶植手工业生产的不断发展。邓小平曾高度评价手工业的社会主义改造,他指出:“从中华人民共和国成立到毛主席逝世这段时间,我们做了大量的工作。特别是从新民主主义革命转变到社会主义革命,搞了土改,搞了第一个五年计划的大规模工业化建设,搞了农业、手工业和资本主义工商业的社会主义改造,事情做得非常好”(邓小平,1993:136)。邓小平指出:“我们长期允许手工业的个体经济存在,根据自愿原则,其中大部分组织成合作社,实行集体所有制”(邓小平,1994:314)。

定义来源

[1] 毛泽东.毛泽东选集(第四卷)[C].人民出版社,1991.
[2] 邓小平.邓小平文选(第三卷)[C].人民出版社,1993.
[3] 邓小平.邓小平文选(第二卷)[C].人民出版社,1994.
[4] 顾长生.毛泽东经济思想大辞典[Z].辽宁人民出版社,1993.

例句

1. 立足于在《俄国资本主义的发展》一书中得出的结论,列宁断言,经济主义者不可能产生出在政治上适应从家庭手工业生产向国家资本主义过渡要求所必需的最初的党组织。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:87

1. Basing himself on his conclusions in The Development of Capitalism in Russia, Lenin declared that they could not produce the initial organisation of the Party necessary to parallel politically the transition from Kustar (handicraft) production to national capitalism. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 94.

2. 其实,只有李嘉图,才站在了由斯密全面创立的资产阶级古典经济学的理论逻辑最高点上。相对于以手工业为基础的“反映大工业的史前时期”的斯密,李嘉图则代表了大工业时代的产业资本的利益。应该指出,过去我们同样仅仅将这一重要的理论视域遮蔽为一种纯经济学的语境,而实际上这是一个哲学社会历史观上的全新理论凸现。说到底,李嘉图的理论逻辑是资产阶级社会生产方式下工业进程的工具理性总体文化逻辑之彰显的最核心的部分,它同时也是西方自文艺复兴以来资产阶级意识形态在19世纪所能够攀登上的理论最高点。­­—— 《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:54

2. In the field of bourgeois classical economics established by Adam Smith, David Ricardo was the only man to attain the pinnacle of theoretical logic. In contrast to Smith’s “prehistoric period that reflected large-scale industry” based on the artisanal industry, Ricardo represented the interests of production capital in a time of large-scale industry. Here it should be pointed out that in the past, scholars of philosophical history veiled this important theoretical perspective, treating Ricardo’s theories simply as economics. In reality, Ricardo’s historical perspective of society was part of a completely new perspective in the history of philosophy. Ricardo’s theoretical logic was the central component of the representation of the cultural logic of treating industrial progression carried out under the context of bourgeois social modes of production as instrumentally rational. At the same time, since the Renaissance in the West, this was the highest theoretical point to which bourgeois ideology would climb in the 19th century. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 27.

3. 因此,资产阶级意识一方面把工场手工业分工,把工人终生固定从事某种局部操作,把局部工人绝对服从资本,歌颂为提高劳动生产力的劳动组织,同时又同样高声地责骂对社会生产过程的任何有意识的社会监督和调节,把这些说成是侵犯资本家个人的不可侵犯的财产权、自由和自决的“独创性”。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十三卷)》,1972:395

3. The same bourgeois mind which praises division of labour in the workshop, life-long annexation of the labourer to a partial operation, and his complete subjection to capital, as being an organisation of labour that increases its productiveness- that same bourgeois mind denounces with equal vigour every conscious attempt to socially control and regulate the process of production, as an inroad upon such sacred things as the rights of property, freedom and unrestricted play for the bent of the individual capitalist. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 35), 1996: 361.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
职业教育主要包括农业教育和手工业教育两个方面,最突出的表现是地方自治局在各地兴建了很多农业学校和手工业学校,培养了一批农艺师和技术人员。——《论1865-1913年俄国地方自治机构的民生活动》,吉林大学博士学位论文,2012
In vocational education, including agricultural education and handicraft education, the most prominent manifestation of the Zemstvos is a lot of agricultural schools and crafts schools, training a group of agronomists and technicians.

例句 2:
本文将元代官营手工业分为造作手工业和课程手工业,将其作为两种不同手工业类型分别进行研究,分类更合理,逻辑更清晰。——《元代官营工商业法律制度研究》,西南政法大学博士学位论文,2011
Finally, in the paper the Yuan Official handicraft industries are divided into the two different types: the Yuan government-run manufacturing handicraft industry and the Yuan government-run tax handicraft industry, classification more reasonable, logic more clearly.

例句 3:
在手工业领域,官营手工业中,所使用的生产者主要是以雇募的厢军以及从民间和雇、差雇而来的技术工匠为主的,他们都是按件或者按时领取钱粮雇值的,使用征调的役夫或者囚徒的现象在官营手工业中巳很少出现。随着商品经济的发展和手工业分工的扩大,越来越多的人开始流入手工业雇佣队伍中,以自己的劳动获得雇值来贴补家用,维持生计,手工业中的雇工队伍变得十分庞大,解决了大量失业人员的生计问题。——《宋代手工业雇佣劳动研究》,陕西师范大学硕士学位论文,2012
In the handicraft industry field, it was those labors hired from Xiang Force and craftsmen hired from the folk who were in the majority of the employee in government-run handicraft industry. Those employees were paid (money or grain as their wage) according to the amount of their work or time. It was rarely found that the servitude or prisoners were e

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