所有制【英】

ownership

译文来源

[1] Zhang Yibing. Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 97.
[2] 苑春鸣.汉英法律分类词典[M].河南科学技术出版社，2004：99

定义

人们对物质资料的占有形式。从形式上看，所有制是人与物的关系，实质上是人与人之间的关系，即人们在占有物质资料方面所形成的社会关系。所有制通常指生产资料所有制（刘佩弦，1988：470）。
　有时也扩大为消费资料、劳动力等的占有形式。它体现劳动者与生产资料的结合方式，是在生产中通过人与物的关系表现出来的人与人之间的社会经济关系。它是一定社会的生产关系和经济制度的基础，它决定着人们在生产过程中的地位、作用和相互关系，决定着产品分配的方式和性质。占主导地位的生产资料所有制决定着该社会的经济制度乃至整个社会制度的基本性质。生产资料所有制包括生产资料的归属关系，但又不仅是一种归属关系，一般地说，它包括人们对生产资料的所有、占有、支配和使用等诸方面所形成的各种经济关系。所有制关系及其实现形式是随着生产力的发展而发展变化的，从原始社会的公有制到私有制，从一种形式的私有制到另一种形式的私有制，从私有制转变为公有制，从一种形式的公有制到另一种形式的公有制，是随着社会生产力的发展而呈现出的规律性变化（中国社会科学院经济研究所，2005：977）。

定义来源

[1] 刘佩弦.马克思主义与当代辞典[Z].中国人民大学出版社，1988.
[2] 中国社会科学院经济研究所.现代经济词典[Z].凤凰出版社，2005.

例句

1. 虽然此时前一条线索仍然是马克思的主要关注点，但他毕竟在“所有制及其结果”和“财产”这两个索引中，标注了有产者与社会、所有者与财产、占有与财产、平等与财产、政治与经济之间的重要关系。尤其重要的是，马克思开始意识到，在新的资产阶级社会中，“财产作为选举权和被选举权的条件”的意义。由此出发，在第三册中，马克思通过罗素的近代英国史进一步了解到，在18世纪末，当时英国84个市镇的所有者把157位代表送进了议会，可资产阶级的“议会的成员不是人民的代表，大部分是他们自己利益的代表”。 同时，当人民与政府的意见不一致时，“下院”总是“更多地”倾向“政府一边，而不是人民一边”这证明，“代议制基于两重幻想:统一的公民权利的幻想和代表大会是全民代表的幻想特别是等级选举法表现出人民主权的骗局”。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：138-139

1. Although the first line of thought was still the focus of Marx’s attention at this time, under the topics “ownership and its consequences” and “property,” he includes the relations between “owners and society,” “owners and property,” “appropriation and property,” “equality and property,” and “politics and economics.” Most importantly, Marx begins to realize the significance, the new bourgeois society, of property as a condition both to vote as well as to be voted into office. Proceeding from this point, in Marx’s excerpts from Lingard’s Geschichte von England he understood that at the end of the 18th century, 84 English towns sent 157 representatives to parliament; however, “the bourgeois members of parliament were not the representatives of the people, only of their own interests.” At the same time, when the views of the people differed from those of the government, the House of Commons tended most often to sisde with the government, and not with the people. For Marx, this proved that the system of representation was “based on two illusions: the illusion of homogeneous interests of citizens, and the illusion that parliament represented the will of the people. In particular, hierarchical voting laws demonstrated the hoax that was the so-called sovereignty of the people. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 97-98.

2. 由此，马克思凭借当时有限的经济学和历史知识，提出了三种前资产阶级社会所有制形式：一是“部落所有制”。这是与生产的不发达阶段相适应的最早的自然分工之上的所有制，也是马克思前面曾经提到的那种家庭中的性别分工在社会中的扩大，即从家庭奴隶制走向奴隶社会的对抗性所有制。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：441-442

2. Thus Marx relies on the limited economic and historical knowledge of the time to suggest three forms of bourgeois ownership, of which the first is “tribal ownership.” This is the earliest form of ownership based on natural division of labor that corresponds to the undeveloped stage of production. It is also an extension to broader society of what Marx proposed earlier was the division of labor between the sexes in the family, i.e., the ownership that moved from family slavery to social slavery. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 339.

3. 那末试问：俄国公社，这一固然已经大遭破坏的原始土地公共所有制形式，是能直接过渡到高级的共产主义的土地所有制形式呢？或者，它还须先经历西方的历史发展所经历的那个解体过程呢？对于这个问题，目前唯一可能的答复是：假如俄国革命将成为西方无产阶级革命的信号而双方互相补充的话，那末现今的俄国公共所有制便能成为共产主义发展的起点。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第二十二卷）》，1965：503

3. Now the question is: can the Russian commune, this form of the original common ownership of land which is actually already in a state of severe disintegration, make the direct transition into a higher communist form of landed property-or must if first undergo the same process of dissolution that characterizes the historical development of the West? The only possible answer to this question today is as follows: when the Russian revolution gives the signal for a workers’ revolution in the West, so that each complements the other, then Russian landed property might become the starting point for a communist development. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 27), 1990: 427.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
当前，我国国有商业银行行政垄断问题尚未完全根除，随着金融市场化改革的推进，国有银行虽然在股权上实现了混合所有制的多元化要求，但各种所有制资本并未在公司治理机制中发挥非常积极的作用。十八大以来，新一轮的国企改革拉开帷幕，在我国现阶段情况下，发展混合所有制进行不同所有制的相互融合，不仅有利于改善我国国有商业银行的产权结构，增强竞争创新力与活力；同时也有利于各种所有制资本的取长补短、相互促进。因此，在新的经济体制形势的要求下，我国国有商业银行混合所有制改革应运而生。我国国有商业银行在金融行业中占据着非常重要的地位，在金融体制改革中我国国有商业银行的混合所有制改革意义非凡。因而，针对我国国有商业银行的混合所有制改革问题极具研究价值。 ——《我国国有商业银行混合所有制改革及招商银行员工持股改革案例分析》, 国际贸易经济合作研究院硕士论文,　2015
At present, the problem of administrative monopoly of China's state-owned commercial banks has not been completely eradicated. With the advance of reform of the financial market, although the state-owned bank has achieved mixed ownership diversification requirements, but all kinds of capital did not play particularly positive role in corporate governance mechanisms. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, a new round of state-owned enterprises reform starts. In the present stage of our country, the mixed ownership reform is to mix with different ownership, which can not only improve the ownership structure of the state-owned commercial banks and enhance the competitiveness and vitality, but also can conduct all kinds of ownership capital to improve their complexities and mutual promotion. Therefore, under the new economic system situation, the state-owned commercial banks mixed ownership reform came into