古代所有制（又作古代公社所有制和国家所有制）【英】

ancient property; ancient ownership; ancient communal (Gemeinde) and state ownership

译文来源

[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 3) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1976: 501.
[2] Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 344.

定义

所有制所有制是指人们对物质资料的占有形式，通常指对生产资料的占有形式，反映了生产过程中人与人之间在生产资料占有方面的经济关系，是所有人行使所有权活动的社会规范，所有权是决定社会生产劳动的目的，对象，手段，方法和结果的支配力量（所有制.via：http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=woC88i8gt6rhO7ph8jlOWdAaBRZP4cCOFcAF_sIm9Xg9IR6taZeq2_HQos5SvQXHRMHGYvUywrVlSNgrOQrFZq）。马克思对所有制的研究非常重视，早在1857年，马克思在其《资本主义以前诸形态》一文中就对资本主义以前的三种形式即亚细亚的所有制形式、古代所有制形式和日耳曼的所有制形式进行过认真的研究。古代所有制又称古代公社所有制，是存在于希腊、罗马早期的一种所有制形式，它从原始所有制发展而来，是当时动荡的社会环境的的产物（杨共乐，1997：29）。公社是古代所有制存在的第一个前提，公社的范围规定着这种所有制的范围。公社成员的身份是其占有土地的前提，但作为公社成员，每一个人又是私有者，土地就是其私有财产，也是公社成员的身份的标志。

定义来源

[1] 所有制.via：http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=woC88i8gt6rhO7ph8jlOWdAaBRZP4cCOFcAF_sIm9Xg9IR6taZeq2_HQos5SvQXHRMHGYvUywrVlSNgrOQrFZq
[2] 杨共乐. 马克思“古代所有制”理论研究[J].史学史研究，1997，（4）.

例句

1. 你们的偏颇观念，驱使你们把自己的生产关系和所有制关系从生产发展过程中暂时的历史性的关系夸大成为永久的自然规律和理性规律，而你们的这种偏颇观念原是过去一切灭亡了的统治阶级所共有的。一谈到资产阶级的所有制，你们就再也不敢去理解你们在谈到古代的所有制和封建的所有制的时候能理解的那种道理了。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第四卷）》，1958：485-486

1. The selfish misconception that induces you to transform into eternal laws of nature and of reason, the social forms springing from your present mode of production and form of property—historical relations that rise and disappear in the progress of production—this misconception you share with every ruling class that has preceded you. What you see clearly in the case of ancient property, what you admit in the case of feudal property, you are of course forbidden to admit in the case of your own bourgeois form of property. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 6), 1976: 501.

2. 第二种所有制形式是古代公社所有制和国家所有制。这种所有制是由于几个部落通过契约或征服联合为一个城市而产生的。在这种所有制下仍然保存着奴隶制。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第三卷）》，1956：25

2. The second form is the ancient communal and state property, which proceeds especially from the union of several tribes into a city by agreement or by conquest, and which is still accompanied by slavery. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5), 1975: 33.

3. 由此，马克思凭借当时有限的经济学和历史知识，提出了三种前资产阶级社会所有制形式：一是“部落所有制”。这是与生产的不发达阶段相适应的最早的自然分工之上的所有制，也是马克思前面曾经提到的那种家庭中的性别分工在社会中的扩大，即从家庭奴隶制走向奴隶社会的对抗性所有制。二是“古代公社(Gemeinde)所有制和国家所有制”。这种所有制是由于几个部落联合为一个城市而产生的，它仍然存在着奴隶制，“动产私有制和后来的不动产私有制已经发展起来了”，此时，“分工已经比较发达。城乡之间的对立已经产生，国家之间的对立也相继出现”。三是“封建的或等级的所有制”。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：441-442

3. Thus Marx relies on the limited economic and historical knowledge of the time to suggest three forms of bourgeois ownership, of which the first is “tribal ownership.” This is the earliest form of ownership based on natural division of labor that corresponds to the undeveloped stage of production. It is also an extension to broader society of what Marx proposed earlier was the division of labor between the sexes in the family, i.e., the ownership that moved from family slavery to social slavery. The second is the “ancient communal (Gemeinde) and state ownership.” This form of ownership comes into being when several tribes unite to form a city. Slavery still exists here, there is already “movable, and later also immovable, private property developing.” Here we find that “the division of labor is already more developed. We already find the antagonism of town and country; later the antagonism between those states which represent town interests and those which represent country interests.” The third is feudal or estate property. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 344.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
从文本来看，马克思、恩格斯是以分工和分配为依据，将人类社会所有制形态演进描述为“部落所有制”形态、“古典古代的公社所有制和国家所有制”形态、中世纪“封建的或等级的所有制”形态与现代“纯粹私有制”形态。——“对《德意志意识形态》中所有制形态演进思想的再认识”，载于《河北学刊》2013年第5期
Marx and Engels divided ownership evolution into “tribe ownership”, “community ownership and state ownership in ancient times”, “feudal ownership in middle ages” and “purely private ownership” in modern times according to division of work and distribution.

例句 2：
改革农村土地集体所有制为国家所有制，统一城乡土地国家所有；国家根据法律规定对土地使用权实行城乡分区、分类管理；国家根据法律规定严格监管土地的使用权；土地的使用权可以依照法律规定进行转让等，已成为一种必然的选择。——“‘八二《宪法》’有关土地制度的改革研究”，载于《河南大学学报（社会科学版）》2015年第2期
It becomes an indispensible choice to turn collective ownership of rural land into state ownership and unify the urban and rural land by the state. The country should classify and manage the land use in urban and rural areas according to the law. Besides it should exert strict supervision of the land use rights as well as the transference of the rights in land use.

例句 3：
随着从计划经济体制向市场经济体制的转轨，俄罗斯逐步取消“大一统”的国有制，并在法律制度发展与完善的基础上成功构建中央与地方分别所有的国家所有制，为俄罗斯经济转轨与发展创造了条件。——“当代俄罗斯国家所有制：法律形成与特点评析”，载于《首都师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2009年第4期
With the setting in of market economy, Russia has gradually canceled the former comprehensive uniformity in favor of a joint central and local government ownership by means of the legal system, thus cr