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字词 劳动交换
释义

劳动交换【英】

labor exchange

译文来源

Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 25.

定义

劳动交换有时是指就业交换,也就是劳动登记机构。但从历史上讲,劳动交换是指罗伯特·欧文及其追随者所主张的一种理想制度。欧文认为,从生产力发展的角度看,资本主义制度必然灭亡,资本主义社会创造的“力量无限的新的生产力”是要求改变不合理资本主义制度的根据。欧文认为,私有制是“人们所犯的无数罪行和所遭的无数灾祸的原因”。在设想新的社会制度时,欧文主张公有制,消灭私有制。同时,他主张在现代化大生产的基础上,使人得到解放,使人的理想得到全面发展。在经济理论上,欧文主张劳动价值论,认为资本、土地等不是商品价值的源泉,唯有劳动创造价值。欧文幻想用载明生产产品所消耗的劳动时数的“劳动券”来取代货币,用所谓的“国民劳动公平交换市场”资本主义市场。在1832—1834年,英国出现了许多劳动交换所、市场和银行机构。在这里,人们根据生产时所投入的劳动来交换产品,产品的价值也是按生产劳动的投入量来计算的,机械的使用以及磨损的费用均不考虑。劳动交换制度是为了反抗那种由于货币的使用、垄断等而被扭曲了的社会。这种制度确实迎合了公众的需要,因而也曾受到人民的欢迎。但是由于这种制度是建立在幻想基础之上的,因此很快就失败了。原因是欧文所主张的每小时六便士的劳动价值标准的实行,使得机械加工、特别是需要较多资本的产品价格变得相当便宜,而劳动密集型产品的价格却变得相当贵,因此一些奸商囤积可以获利的产品。由于价值标准脱离现实,最后很少有人愿意接受劳动券,劳动券自然贬值,工人也最后放弃了劳动券而选择了市场所必需的货币(刘伟,1994:359-360)。

定义来源

刘伟.经济学大辞典[Z].团结出版社,1994.

例句

1. 斯密从分工出发,着眼于人与人的直接劳动交换关系,着眼于“财富主体本质”的指认,这是一种必然的历史描述。斯密的这种理论局限性,直接影响了一批早期经济学家和社会主义者,其中也包括1845年撰写《德意志意识形态》时初步肯定政治经济学科学前提的马克思。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:51-52

1. Beginning with the division of labor, Smith focused on direct labor exchange relationships and on the identification of the “subjective nature of wealth.” This was an inevitable description of history. Smith’s theoretical limitations seen here would directly affect a large number of early economic theories, including Marx’s tentative affirmation of the scientific premise of political economy presented in his 1845 The German Ideology. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 24-25.

2. 比如价值是一个“形而上”的概念,是一种抽象,它不是价值悬设,存在但不直接显示。价值不是现成的,看起来,它们只是一种简单的劳动交换关系,从历史上看,从价值到价值形式再到货币(价格)存在着一个历史形成过程。在现实资本主义经济过程中,它是以各种最深刻的对立为媒介的,如自由竞争是其存在和发展的最初形式,走向当代,价值转换关系就越复杂,在现代金融体系中,我们已经根本不见它的真面目。我们会发现,这个价值的实体化、物化,成为一种特殊的支配物的物,它才是狭义历史唯物主义所讲的最深刻的一种社会存在物,这恰恰也是最容易误解的哲学层面。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:521

2. For instance, value is a “metaphysical” concept, an abstraction. It is not a value postulate, it exists but is not directly manifested. Value is not readily formed; it appears to merely be a simple relation of labor exchange, but historically speaking, there is a process of historical formation that moves from value, to forms of value, to money (prices). In the actual capitalist economy, value is mediated by the deepest antagonisms: for instance, free competition is the earliest form of its existence and development. The more value moves towards the modern age, the more complex become its exchange relations. In the modern financial system, we can no longer see its true face. We will discover that the substantiation and objectification become a kind of material that dominates material; this is the most profound social entity of the special theory of historical materialism. This is also the most easily misunderstood philosophical level of Marx’s theory. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 411.

3. 齐泽克说,马克思的商品拜物教是指“人与人之间一定的社会关系,在人们眼里,采取了物与物之间关系的虚幻的形式”。这是对的。我们知道,马克思这里讲的是人与人的劳动交换关系颠倒地表现为市场交换中逐步物化了的物与物的关系,即商品关系、货币关系以及资本关系。我发现,其实齐泽克并不真想按照马克思的经济学理路去分析问题,他有自己的兴趣点。他说,商品的价值是各不相同的商品生产者之间的社会网络中的“有效勋章”,当我们说一个商品值多少钱的时候,就是指一件商品的价值采取了另一件事物一商品的似“自然的”性质和形式,这就是货币的本质。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:371-372

3. Zizek says that Marx’s commodity fetishism is a definite social relation between men, which assumes, in their eyes, the fantastic form of a relation between things. He is not wrong. As we know, Marx means that the relations of labor exchange in the market are gradually reversed to the relations between things, like the relations of commodities, money and capita1. Zizek does not really want to abide by Marx’s political economy. He says that “the value of a certain commodity, which is effectively an insignia of a network of social relations between producers of diverse commodities, assumes the form of a quasi-‘natural’ property of another thing-commodity, money: we say that the value of a certain commodity is such-and-such amount of money.” -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 479-480.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
采用9个省897户农户的问卷调查数据,构建了农户劳动交换形式结构的影响因素模型。——“市场化程度对农户劳动交换形式结构的影响”,载于《现代农业科技》2012年23期
The factor model of farmers’ labor exchange structure was constructed based on the data of questionnaire on 897 farmers in nine provinces.

例句 2:
胡钧教授多年来一直坚持和宣传的按劳分配中的“等量劳动互换”是社会主义经济的本质关系,与等价交换相对立,从而排斥商品交换关系的观点,不能成立。——“社会主义经济的本质关系究竟是什么?——评胡钧教授的社会主义‘等量劳动互换’本质论”,载于《当代财经》2012年05期
Professor Hu Jun has been upholding and claiming for many years that the “labor exchange of equal amount”in the distribution according to work is the nature of socialist economic relations, as opposed to the exchange of equal value, so as to exclude the view on commodity exchange relationship, which cannot be established.

例句 3:
马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》、《1857-1858年经济学手稿》以及《资本论》中认为,货币在本质上不过是人的产物,是人的本质的对象化、物化形式,体现的无非是在劳动交换中人与人之间的社会联系。——“马克思的货币批判理论及其当代意义”,载于《吉首大学学报(社会科学版)》2009年01期
In 1844 Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts, 1857—1858 Economic Manuscripts and Das Kapital, Marx thought that money in nature was the product of man, the subject of human nature , and the materialized form , representing nothing but social connection in labor exchange. .

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