请输入您要查询的字词:

 

字词 自由竞争
释义

自由竞争【英】

free competition

译文来源

Zhang Yibing. Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 21.

定义

自由竞争是指可以自由地进行资本投入、转移和商品买卖的竞争。实质是自由地追逐剩余价值的竞争。是16世纪至19世纪70年代,垄断前资本主义的基本特征。社会主义市场经济,依据价值规律,在宏观调控下采取自由竞争的形式,优胜劣汰,以促进经济发展。垄断时期的竞争与自由竞争相比:(1)竞争的目的不同。自由竞争的目的是为了获得平均利润或超额利润,而垄断时期竞争的目的则是为了获取高额的垄断利润。(2)竞争的手段不同。自由竞争的手段主要是通过改进技术,改善经营管理方法,提高劳动生产率,降低商品的生产成本。而到了垄断时期,竞争的手段更加多样化,除了上述手段外,更重要的是凭借垄断组织强大的经济实力和政治上的统治力量打垮对手。(3)竞争的程度和后果不同。自由竞争时期企业规模较小,力量单薄,彼此分散。而垄断时期竞争的双方是实力雄厚、势均力敌的垄断组织,这就使得竞争特别激烈,更具有持久性。(4)竞争的范围不同。在自由竞争时期,竞争的场所主要是在国内市场。而垄断竞争的范围则由国内扩展到国外,并扩张到了政治、军事、文化各个领域。(自由竞争.via: http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89)

定义来源

自由竞争.via:
http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89

例句

1. 尤其请大家需要着重鉴别的是,这个自然秩序已经不完全是康德那种外在的“自然意图”(固然它有时还披着神学或者封建的外衣),而是存在于人与人之间的经济活动中但不以个人意志为转移的客观规律。这种规律恰恰是通过人与人的自由竞争自发实现的。例如,自由竞争可以将劳动以正确的比例分配给各产业部门,以形成一种合理比例的自组织。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:47-48

1. We must be careful to differentiate one point, which is that the natural order spoken of by the physiocrats is not Kant’s “intention of Nature” (though it is true that the intention of Nature was sometimes described in theological or feudal terms). Rather, the natural order is an objective law, which exists in the economic activities of inter-human relationships; however, it is not determined by human will. Thus, the natural law is spontaneously realized through free competition between individuals. For instance, free competition can distribute the correct proportion of labor to various production departments, creating a natural organization of reasonable proportions. -Quoted form Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 21.

2. 西斯蒙第认为,每个人在生产中仅仅追逐自己的利益,这就必然在经济生活总体上造成资产阶级社会这种自由社会的无政府状态和盲目发展。这也是财富学派鼓吹的那种自由放任和自由竞争的现实前提。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:94

2. Sismondi believed that because every individual is only concerned with the pursuit of his own personal profit in production, this necessarily causes the anarchic state and blind development of liberal bourgeois society in economic life. In reality, this is the precondition of laissez-faire and free competition, principles so praised by the chrematists. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1971: 61.

3. 在现实资本主义经济过程中,它是以各种最深刻的对立为媒介的,如自由竞争是其存在和发展的最初形式,越走向当代,价值转换关系就越复杂,在现代金融体系中,我们已经根本不见它的真面目。我们会发现,这个价值的实体化、物化,成为一种特殊的支配物的物,它才是狭义历史唯物主义所讲的最深刻的一种社会存在物,这恰恰也是最容易误解的哲学层面。­­——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:521

3. In the actual capitalist economy, value is mediated by the deepest antagonisms: for instance, free competition is the earliest form of its existence and development. The more value moves towards the modern age, the more complex become its exchange relations. In the modern financial system, we can no longer see its true face. We will discover that the substantiation and objectification become a kind of material that dominates material; this is the most profound social entity of the special theory of historical materialism. This is also the most easily misunderstood philosophical level of Marx’s theory. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 411.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
学习列宁帝国主义论,就要把握“垄断代替自由竞争,是帝国主义的根本经济特征,是帝国主义的实质”这一精髓。——“列宁帝国主义论与当代资本主义的发展”,载于《社会主义研究》2016年第3期
Substituting monopoly for free competition is the principal economic feature and the essence of imperialism, which is the core of Lenin’s imperialism theory.

例句 2:
马克思以历史发展的批判眼光指出,资本主义社会自由竞争的不是人而是资本。——“马克思对亚当·斯密自由观的超越——基于劳动与竞争的视角” ,载于《石家庄铁道大学学报(社会科学版)》2015年第3期
Marx pointed it out from historical development perspective that free competition in Capitalist society is not for person but for the capital.

例句 3:
无论是资本主义从自由竞争走向金融垄断,进入帝国主义阶段,还是当代资本主义开始走下坡路,以中国特色社会主义的蓬勃发展为标志,广大新兴国家开始通过非资本主义方式跨入现代化国家的行列。这两个重大事件都在列宁写于一百年前的不朽著作《帝国主义是资本主义的最高阶段》的科学分析与科学预言之中得以体现。——“重读列宁《帝国主义是资本主义的最高阶段》”,载于《世界社会主义研究》2016年第1期
Regardless of the shift of capitalism from free competition to financial monopoly as it enters into the stage of imperialism and of the decline of contemporary capitalism, more and more emerging countries are joining the rank of modernized countries in a non-capitalist way, marked by the booming development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Both events were correctly predicted and analyzed by Lenin in his monumental Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism a hundred years ago.

随便看

 

汉译英翻译词典收录46835条汉英翻译词条,基本涵盖了全部常用中文字词的英语拼写、翻译、音标、读音、用法、例句等,是英语学习的有利工具。

 

Copyright © 2004-2024 Newdu.com All Rights Reserved
更新时间:2025/5/4 16:26:56