字词 | 先验(又作先验主义) |
释义 | 先验(又作先验主义)【英】apriorism; transcendentalism; metempiricism; a priori译文来源[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:196. 定义先验,亦称先验主义,即从某种先于经验的观念出发推论出事实的唯心主义原则和方法(金炳华,2003:196)。它的极端表现形式为:认为宇宙的唯一支柱是人的思想。杜林认为,思维原则是他哲学研究的出发点,是先验的,是先于人类经验和客观世界之前就已经存在于某个地方,客观世界只不过是先验原则的应用。恩格斯指出:“原则不是研究的出发点,而是它的最终结果;这些原则不是被应用于自然界和人类历史,而是从它们中抽象出来的;不是自然界和人类去适应原则,而是原则只有在适合于自然界和历史的情况下才是正确的。这是对事物的唯一唯物主义的观点”(马克思等,1995:374))。杜林完全颠倒了思维和存在的关系。杜林研究数学的方法也是先验主义的,在杜林看来,数学公里和逻辑原则都是在人脑产生以前就已经存在着的纯粹观念。恩格斯指出:“先验主义的方法”,“它不是从现实本身推论出现实,而是从观念推论出现实”。杜林的先验主义的论证方法是实用主义,这正是“过去爱用的玄想的或者也称为先验主义的方法的另一种表现”。杜林先验主义错误的的认识论根源是把思维的相对独立性绝对化了,不承认思维是存在的反映,思维就成了“无源之水、无本之木”。 总之,先验主义认为,人的心智形成的观念和概念具有自主性,否认思维、观念、概念只是人们对不断变化的经验的反映,并且认为经验实在在很大程度上是由人的思想所构设或产生的观念形成的。 定义来源[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003. 例句1. 这不过是过去爱用的玄想的或者也称为先验主义的方法的另一种表现方式,按照这一方法,某一对象的特性不是从对象本身去认识,而是从对象的概念中逻辑地推论出来。首先,从对象构成对象的概念;然后颠倒过来,用对象的映象即概念去衡量对象。这时,已经不是概念应当和对象相适应,而是对象应当和概念相适应了。在杜林先生那里,最简单的要素、他所能达到的终极的抽象,执行着概念的职能,可是这丝毫没有改变事情的实质;这种最简单的要素,最多只带有纯粹概念的性质。所以现实哲学在这里也是纯粹的玄想,它不是从现实本身推论出现实,而是从观念推论出现实。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十卷)》,1973:105 1. This is only giving a new twist to the old favorite ideological method, also known as the a priori method, which consists in ascertaining the properties of an object, by logical deduction from the concept of the object, instead of from the object itself. First the concept of the object is fabricated from the object; then the spit is turned round, and the object is measured by its reflexion, the concept. The object is then to conform to the concept, not the concept to the object. With Herr Dühring the simplest elements, the ultimate abstractions he can reach, do service for the concept, which does not alter matters; these simplest elements are at best of a purely conceptual nature. The philosophy of reality, therefore, proves here again to be pure ideology, the deduction of reality not from itself but from a concept. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 89. 2. 无论在生物学中,或在人类社会历史中,这一规律在每一步上都被证实了,但是我们在这里只从精密科学中举出一些例子,因为这里的量是可以精确地测量和探寻的。有些先生们在此以前曾经诽谤量到质的转化是神秘主义和不可理解的先验主义,大概就是这些先生们现在却宣称这种转化是不言而喻的、浅薄的和平凡的东西,他们早已应用过了,而且他们从中学不到任何新东西。但是,第一次把自然界、社会和思维发展的一般规律以普遍适用的形式表述出来,这始终是具有世界历史意义的勋业。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十卷)》,1973:407 2. In biology, as in the history of human society, the same law holds good at every step, but we prefer to dwell here on examples from the exact sciences, since here the quantities are accurately measurable and traceable. Probably the same gentlemen who up to now have decried the transformation of quantity into quality as mysticism and incomprehensible transcendentalism will now declare that it is indeed something quite self-evident, trivial, and commonplace, which they have long employed, and so they have been taught nothing new. But to have formulated for the first time in its universally valid form a general law of development of nature, society, and thought, will always remain an act of historic importance. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 361. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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