俄国形式主义【英】

Russian formalism

译文来源

[1] 金炳华，冯契.哲学大辞典（修订本）[Z].上海辞书出版社，2001：308.、
[2] Russian formalism. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_formalism

定义

俄国形式主义是在十月革命前后出现的一个文学批评流派。一般认为，俄国形式主义的历史大致可以分为三个阶段：从1916年至1921年是其自我确立的阶段，它致力于同以往的文学理论决裂，集中探讨了诗歌语言和散文写作问题；从1921年至1928年是其发展阶段，在这一阶段它不仅重新审视了整个复杂的文学问题，而且转向了对文学史的探讨；从1928年至1935年是其解体阶段，迫于当时占统治地位的意识形态的压力，一部分人放弃了原来的立场，一部分人试图调和马克思主义与形式主义，还有一部分人则干脆改行转向了其他学科（杨冬，2015：337）。形式主义离不开两个圈子的讨论：一个是在圣彼得堡的诗语研究会，其代表人物是史可洛夫斯基、艾肯鲍姆、托马舍夫斯基与提尼亚诺夫；另一个则是雅各布森领衔的莫斯科语言学圈（理查德·哈兰德，2014：164）。俄国形式主义不满传统的内容与形式的二分法，在俄国形式主义者眼中，形式的概念具有崭新的意义，它不再是一个框架，而是一个除了自身之外，排除任何牵连的动态的、具体的整体（杨向荣等，2013：74）。俄国形式主义直接影响了巴特、托多罗夫等一大批早期叙事学家（唐伟胜，2013：2）。

定义来源

[1] 杨冬.文学理论：从柏拉图到德里达[M].北京大学出版社，2015.
[2] 理查德•哈兰德.从柏拉图到巴特：西方文艺思想史[M].中央编译出版社，2014.
[3] 杨向荣，谭善明，李健.西方美学与艺术[M].南京大学出版社，2013.
[4] 唐伟胜.文本、语境、读者：当代美国叙事理论研究[M].世界图书上海出版社，2013.

例句

1. 全体共产党员特别是党的领导干部，要坚定理想信念，始终把人民放在心中最高的位置，弘扬党的光荣传统和优良作风，坚决反对形式主义、官僚主义，坚决反对享乐主义、奢靡之风，坚决同一切消极腐败现象作斗争，永葆共产党人政治本色，矢志不移为党和人民事业而奋斗。——《习近平谈治国理政》，2014：43

1. All our Party members, leading officials in particular, should be firm in our belief, always place the people above all else in our hearts and carry forward the Party's fine traditions and conduct. We should firmly oppose formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism and extravagance, resolutely combat corruption and other misconduct, preserve Communists’ political integrity, and dedicate ourselves to the cause of the Party and the people. -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 45.

2. 中央提出抓作风建设，反对形式主义、官僚主义、享乐主义，反对奢靡之风，就是提出了一个抓反腐倡廉建设的着力点,提出了一个夯实党执政的群众基础的切入点。全党同志一定要从这样的政治高度来认识这个问题，从思想上警醒起来，牢记“两个务必”，坚定不移转变作风，坚定不移反对腐败，切实做到踏石留印、抓铁有痕，不断以反腐倡廉的新进展新成效取信于民。要大力加强反腐倡廉教育和廉政文化建设，坚持依法治国和以德治国相结合。——《习近平谈治国理政》，2014：391

2. The CPC Central Committee has called upon us to improve our working practices by opposing formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism and extravagance. This serves as a focus for combating corruption and upholding integrity, as well as a starting point for consolidating popular support for the Party governance. All Party members must understand the political importance of this issue, stay alert, strictly adhere to the "two musts" improve our working practices, and crack down on corruption with a strong determination. We must leave our mark, like leaving our mark when we tread on stones or grasp steel, and continue to win popular trust with new victories in the fight against corruption. We must raise public awareness of the need to combat corruption and uphold integrity, promote a culture of clean government, and combine the rule of law with the rule of virtue. -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 433.

3. 比如：发展中不平衡、不协调、不可持续问题依然突出，科技创新能力不强，产业结构不合理，发展方式依然粗放，城乡区域发展差距和居民收入分配差距依然较大，社会矛盾明显增多，教育、就业、社会保障、医疗、住房、生态环境、食品 药品安全、安全生产、社会治安、执法司法等关系群众切身利益的问题较多，部分群众生活困难，形式主义、官僚主义、享乐主义和奢靡之风问题突出，一些领域消极腐败现象易发多发，反腐败斗争形势依然严峻，等等。——《习近平谈治国理政》，2014：71-72

3. We are weak in scientific and technological innovation. The industrial structure is unbalanced and the growth mode remains inefficient. The development gap between urban and rural areas and between regions is still large, and so are income disparities. Social problems are markedly on the rise. There are many problems affecting the peopled immediate interests in education, employment, social security, health care, housing, the ecological environment, food and drug safety, workplace safety, public security, law enforcement, administration of justice, etc. Some people still lead hard lives. Formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism and extravagance are serious problems. Some sectors are prone to corruption and other types of misconduct, and the fight against corruption remains a serious challenge for us. -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 78.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
俄国形式主义在其鼎盛时期曾经就当时还处于默片时期的电影理论和实践问题出版过专门的文集，这是他们固有的理论向相邻领域的进一步延伸。——“陌生化与蒙太奇：俄国形式主义电影美学述评”，载于《俄罗斯文艺》2013年第2期
In its heyday, Russian formalism published a collection of papers on the issues of movie theories and their applications at a time of silent movies. It was the further development of Russian formalist theory into neighboring fields.

例句 2：
本文旨在介绍俄国形式主义及其代表人物什克洛夫斯基的文艺理论思想。——《俄国形式主义文论批判》，内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文，2008
The aim of this paper is to introduce the literature theory of Russia formalism and its representative person Shklovskij's thought.

例句 3：
“陌生化”是俄国形式主义的核心概念。——《论俄国形式主义的“陌生化”》，武汉大学硕士学位论文，2005
“Defamiliarization” is the core concept of Russian formalism.