商业周期【英】

commercial cycle; business cycle

译文来源

[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 37) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1998: 444.
[2] Sim, S. Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History [M]. Taylor & France e-library, 2001: 46.

定义

西方国家把商业周期称为经济周期（胡代光等，1996：633）。经济活动的繁荣与萧条交替出现的周期性波动，这种波动通过国民生产总值、工业生产指数、就业人数、物价水平等综合性经济指标表现出来。美国经济学家W.米契尔和A.伯恩斯给经济周期下了这样一个定义：经济周期是以商业为主的国家总体经济活动的一种波动。一个周期包括同一时间内许多经济活动中发生的扩张，继之以同样普遍的衰退、收缩，以及引起转入一个周期扩张阶段的复苏，这种变化的顺序重复出现但是没有周期性；经济周期的时间从1年多到10年或12年不等；这些周期不能再分为与它们本身的特点相似的、更短的周期。根据这一定义，一般把经济周期分为四个阶段，经济活动高涨的扩张或繁荣阶段，经济活动低落的收缩或萧条阶段，由繁荣过渡到萧条的衰退阶段，由萧条过渡到繁荣的复苏阶段。（胡代光等，1996：149）

定义来源

胡代光，高鸿业.现代西方经济学辞典[Z].中国社会科学出版社，1996.

例句

1. 在繁荣时期，在再生产过程大大扩张、加速并且加紧进行的时期，工人会充分就业。在大多数情况下，工资也会提高，这在某种程度上会使商业周期的其他时期工资下降到平均水平以下的情形得到些补偿。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第二十五卷上册）》，1974：505

1. In times of prosperity, intense expansion, acceleration and vigour of the reproduction process, labourers are fully employed. Generally, there is also a rise in wages which makes up in some measure for their fall below average during other periods of the commercial cycle. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 37), 1998: 444.

2. 用于法国旧的铁路网的费用估计为3亿美元，但是它的修建拖了很长的时期——这个时期曾目睹过三届政府的上台和下台，——而现在特许修建的线路至迟必须在六年内建成，并且在商业周期最危急的阶段开始通车。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第十二卷）》，1962：82

2. The amount of money disbursed on her old railroad system is calculated at $300,000,000; but then its construction extended over a protracted period—a period which saw the rise and fall of three Governments—while the lines now chartered are all to be completed within six years at the farthest, and to begin their operations in the most critical phase of the commercial cycle. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 15), 1998: 132.

3. 就它们是“晚期资本主义”的效应和结果而言，“新社会运动”是后现代的。然而，这实际上是一种没有任何评价功能的同义反复。有时被说成是对更旧式的阶级政治的怀旧的东西，通常更可能只是对简单政治的“怀旧”：商业兴衰周期的经济节奏塑造了紧张的政治时期和随后的去政治化和退却时期，就这种塑造的方式而言，把这种情绪说成是怀旧，大概就像是把人体在晚饭前的饥饿说成是“对食物的怀旧”一样。——《后马克思主义思想史》，2011：72

3. That the ‘new social movements’ are postmodern, insofar as they are effects and consequences of ‘late capitalism,’ is however virtually a tautology which has no evaluative function. What is sometimes characterized as a nostalgia for class politics of some older type is generally more likely to be simply a ‘nostalgia’ for politics tout court: given the way in which periods of intense politization and subsequent periods of depolitization and withdrawal are modeled on the great economic rhythms of the boom and bust of the business cycle, to describe this feeling as ‘nostalgia’ is about as adequate as to characterize the body’s hunger, before dinner, as a ‘nostalgia for food’. -Quoted from Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History, 2001: 46.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
奥地利学派的商业周期理论是一种从货币理论入手,结合企业家精神和迂回生产的解释理论。不同于一些商业周期理论只能够解释周期中某些阶段产生和转折的原因,奥地利学派商业周期理论对一个完整周期中包括繁荣的产生以及繁荣如何转变为萧条的整个过程都做出了令人信服的解释,因此可以说是一种比较成熟和完善的解释理论。——《奥地利学派商业周期理论研究》，苏州大学硕士学位论文，2014
The Austrian School business cycle theory, is such a kind that combines monetary theory with entrepreneurial spirit and " Roundabout production". Different from some of the business cycle theories which can only explain some certain stages of the cycle, the Austrian School business cycle theory is a complete process including how prosperity comes into reality and how prosperity turn into depression, which can be seen to be a moremature and perfect interpretation theory.

例句 2:
基于动态随机一般均衡的货币政策分析框架已成为当代货币理论与政策基本的研究范式。但这一模型的微观基础仍处于不断探索和进展之中。这一框架存在的另一个重要问题是,主要针对发达国家或市场经济而建立的模型结构,在应用到不发达国家或市场化程度不高的国家时,模型的效力可能下降甚至不能发挥作用。基于上述研究背景,本文集中和系统地研究货币政策效应的重要微观基础—企业行为,进而在动态随机一般均衡货币政策分析框架内,探讨货币政策、企业行为与商业周期这一过程内在的动态传播机制,并试图通过区分国有和非国有两
类企业,扩展基准的动态随机一般均衡货币政策模型。——《货币政策、企业行为与商业周期》，复旦大学硕士学位论文,2010
The frame of monetary policy analysis based on dynamic stochastic general equilibrium has become the fundamental research paradigm of contemporary monetary theory and policy. However, the micro-base of this model is still being explored and in progress. Another problem of this frame is that its power may decrease and i