剥削阶级【英】

exploiting class

译文来源

Mao Tse-Tung. Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung (Vol. 1) [C]. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965: 343.

定义

剥削阶级是指占有生产资料，自己不劳动或只有附带劳动，无偿占有他人劳动成果的阶级，如奴隶主阶级、地主阶级和大资产阶级。在剥削阶级占统治地位的社会里，他们利用自己掌握的国家政权压迫被剥削阶级。阶级是一个历史范畴，是生产发展到一定历史阶段的产物。原始社会末期，生产力有了一定的发展，出现了剩余产品，劳动力有了价值，为阶级的产生提供了可能性。但是，要使这种可能性变为现实还需要经过社会分工以及随着社会分工而产生的产品交换，出现生产资料私有制。恩格斯在《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》中指出：“从第一次社会大分工中，也就产生了第一次社会大分裂，分裂为两个阶级：主人和奴隶、剥削者和被剥削者”（马克思等，1972：156）。为什么说分工的规律是阶级划分的基础呢？首先，有分工，就必然有产品交换，而有了产品交换，就会加剧财产的积聚和集中，使财富日益掌握在少数人手屯从而促进私有制的形成和发展。有了生产资料私有制，就把社会成员一分为二，即分为占有生产资料的剥削阶级和不占有生产资料的被剥削阶级。其次，分工的进一步发展，出现了脑力劳动和体力劳动的分工和对立。由于这种分工，出现了只消费不生产、只享受不劳动的人。这些脱离生产劳动的人，专门从事生产的管理以及政务、司法等活动，成为剥削阶级的组成部分。随着社会的发展，剥削阶级将逐渐消失，与之一起消失的还有“阶级斗争”、“阶级矛盾”等。

定义来源

马克思，恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集（第四卷）[C].人民出版社，1972.

例句

1. 在人类历史中，存在着阶级的对抗，这是矛盾斗争的一种特殊表现。剥削阶级和被剥削阶级之间的矛盾，无论在奴隶社会也好，封建社会也好，资本主义社会也好，互相矛盾的两个阶级，长期地并存于一个社会中，它们互相争斗着，但要待两阶级的矛盾发展到了一定的阶段的时候，双方才取外部对抗的形式，发展为革命。——《毛泽东选集（第一卷）》，1991：308

1. In human history, antagonism between classes exists as a particular manifestation of the struggle of opposites. Consider the contradiction between the exploiting and the exploited classes. Such contradictory classes coexist for a long time in the same society, be it slave society, feudal society or capitalist society, and they struggle with each other; but it is not until the contradiction between the two classes develops to a certain stage that it assumes the form of open antagonism and develops into revolution. -Quoted from Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung (Vol. 1), 1965: 343.

2. 这种新的历史观，对于社会主义的观点有极其重要的意义。它证明了：过去的全部历史都是在阶级对抗和阶级斗争中发展的；统治阶级和被统治阶级，剥削阶级和被剥削阶级是一直存在的；人类的大多数总是注定要从事艰苦的劳动和过着悲惨的生活。为什么会这样呢？这只是因为在人类发展的以前一切阶段上，生产还是如此不发达，以致历史的发展只能在这种对抗形式中进行，历史的进步整个说来只是极少数特权者的事，广大群众则不得不为自己谋取微薄的生活资料，而且还必须为特权者不断增殖财富。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第十九卷）》，1963：123

2. This new conception of history, however, was of supreme significance for the socialist outlook. It showed that all history hitherto revolved around class antagonisms and class struggles, that there have always existed ruling and ruled, exploiting and exploited classes, and that the great majority of mankind has always been condemned to arduous labour and little enjoyment. Why is this? Simply because in all earlier stages of development of mankind production was so little developed that historical development could proceed only in this antagonistic form, that historical progress on the whole was assigned to the activity of a small privileged minority, while the great mass remained condemned to producing by their labour their own meagre means of subsistence and also the increasingly rich means of the privileged. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 24), 2010: 193.

3. 因此，我们把反对富农的斗争称为最后的斗争。这并不是说，富农再不会多次举行暴动，也不是说，外国资本主义再不会多次向苏维埃政权进攻。所谓“最后的”斗争，是说我国最后一个、也是人数最多的一个剥削阶级起来反对我们了。 ——《列宁全集（第三十五卷）》，1991：36

3. That is why we call the fight against the kulaks the last, decisive fight. That does not mean there may not be many more kulak revolts, or that there may not be many more attacks on the Soviet government by foreign capitalism. The words, the last fight, imply that the last and most numerous of the exploiting classes has revolted against us in our country. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 28), 1974: 56.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
她深切地体会到了剥削阶级怎样压迫民众，怎样榨取民众的劳动成果。——《萧红与姜敬爱小说比较研究——以主题意识为中心》，中央民族大学博士学位论文，2012
She had a keen understanding of how the exploiting class oppressed the common people and how they squeezed fruits of the populace’s labor.

例句 2：
社会主义是一个统治阶级和剥削阶级区分开来的社会，是一种相当弱意义上的“社会关系”。——《赖特的资本主义阶级关系新变化理论研究》，中国人民大学博士学位论文，2012
Socialism is a society in which the ruling class is distinct from the exploiting ones, and a kind of “social relation” in a considerably weak sense.

例句 3：
马克思的意识形态理论包含两个向度:其一是解构的向度，即对于形形色色的唯心主义和剥削阶级的意识形态给予无情的批判，马克思对意识形态企图遮蔽经济与社会真正本质的种种话语策略的剖析和揭露，成为其意识形态批判的中心内容；——“马克思意识形态理论的解构向度与建构向度”，载于《广西师范大学学报：哲学社会科学版》2010年第2期
There are two dimensions in Marxist ideology. One of them is deconstructional dimension, referring to ruthlessly criticism on various schools of idealism and the ideologies of exploiting class Marx’s analysis and exposition of the variety of discourse strategies by which ideology tries to obscure the nature of economy and society becomes the centre of his criticism.