字词 | 统治阶级 |
释义 | 统治阶级【英】the ruling class译文来源Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 95. 定义在社会的生产关系中,在经济上和思想上占支配地位,政治上掌握国家政权的阶级为统治阶级。所谓的阶级,就是这样一些大的集团,这些集团在历史上一定的社会生产体系中所处地位不同,对生产资料关系不同,在社会劳动组织中所起的作用不同,因而领得自己所支配的那份社会财富的方式和多寡也不同。所谓阶级,就是这样一些集团,由于它们在一定的社会经济结构中所处的地位不同,其中一个集团能够占有另一个集团的劳动。在阶级社会中,居于统治地位的阶级占有了社会的生产资料,就能够剥削压迫没有生产资料的社会集团的劳动。如奴隶社会的奴隶主阶级,封建社会的地主阶级以及资本主义社会的资产阶级都是统治阶级。无产阶级用革命手段推翻旧政权,建立了自己的政治统治,无产阶级就由被统治阶级变为统治阶级。马克思恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中曾提出过无产阶级上升为统治阶级的任务。由于阶级是一个历史范畴,这一概念将随着生产力的高度发展而最终消灭或消失(迟福林等,1992:1097)。在所有社会中——从那些得以简单发展的、刚刚出现文明曙光的社会,直到最发达、最有实力的社会——都会出现两个阶级——一个是统治阶级,另一个是被统治阶级。前一个阶级总是人数较少,行使所有社会职能,垄断权力并且享受权力带来的利益。而另一个阶级,也就是人数更多的阶级,被第一个阶级以多少是合法的、又多少是专断和强暴的方式所领导和控制(莫斯卡,2002:97)。在马克思主义政治语境中,主要考察一种权力形态,即以国家暴力机器为后盾的国家权力,阶级意志是与国家权力紧密联系的,任何阶级只有掌握了国家政权成为统治阶级,才可以通过手中的国家权力充分实现自己的意志。 定义来源[1] 迟福林,张占斌.邓小平著作学习大辞典[Z].山西经济出版社,1992. 例句1. 我们可以于在此之前的《关于伊壁鸠鲁哲学的笔记》等摘录性笔记中看到,马克思直面哲学文本的那种自由自主的话语统摄状况。他几乎对每一摘录文本都进行透彻的解读与批判。这种严重的失语状况直至笔记的最后才发生根本改变:这恰恰是以唯心主义观念决定论的彻底解构为基础的格式塔转变。此外,更重要的是,如果说在《莱茵报》时期他的理论逻辑中的支援背景是资产阶级自由理性和法国大革命建立的新型资产阶级现实王国(所以马克思那时的斗争矛头直指封建专制),那么,在这里,他的理论目标却不断地四处游离。因为,他发现,在资产阶级革命之后,“第三等级”中上升为统治阶级的资产阶级仍然在维护私有财产。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:136-137 1. We can contrast this to the excerpts and notes that came before this point in time, such as Comments on Epicurean Philosophy, in which Marx’s free and easy command of philosophical text is readily observable. In these notes, he meticulously critiqued and interpreted nearly every excerpt. This voiceless state did not change until nearly the end of the notes: this was a gestalt shift based on a complete deconstruction of the determinism of idealist ideas. Furthermore, while the subsidiary awareness of his theoretical logic during the Rheinische Zeitung period was based on bourgeois liberal rationality and the new bourgeois reality established during the French Revolution (Marx’s target of criticism at this time was feudalism and despotism), at the time he wrote Kreuznach Notes, his theoretical goals were much less fixed. This is because he discovered that after the bourgeois revolution, i.e., after the “Third Estate” became the ruling class, the bourgeoisie continued to protect private property. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 95. 2. 在这本重要的论著中,我们可以得知舒耳茨是以一种社会管理的逻辑来批判资产阶级社会经济制度的。他描述了资产阶级社会经济制度下工人的贫困状况,即迫使工人“用损害身体、摧残人的精神和智力的紧张工作”来获得低下的工资。而这种贫富差距的加大,必然使无产阶级与资产阶级的对立日益加剧,最终将导致社会革命。他提出,国家的任务在于通过重新组织劳动和改造财产关系以消除当今社会的缺陷,从而使当下的社会过渡到更加完善的社会。如果统治阶级阻挠这种和平解决方式,就必然采取社会革命。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:153 2. In this critically important work, we see that Schulz criticizes the economic system of bourgeois society using the logic of management. In describing the poverty of workers under the bourgeois economic system, he writes that they were forced to obtain pitiable wages “through anxious labor that damages the body and destroys the human spirit and mental faculties.” As the gulf between rich and poor grows ever larger, Schulz predicts that it will inevitably aggravate the tension between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, ultimately culminating in social revolution. Schulz suggests that it is the responsibility of the state to reorganize labor and restructure relations of property in order to reduce the current social conflicts, allowing the current society to transition to a more perfect society. If the ruling class attempts to obviate this peaceful resolution to class conflict, then Schulz argues that the only option is social revolution. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 110. 3. 这种共同利益即“普遍的东西”,首先是作为“分工的个人之间的相互依存关系”客观地存在于现实当中。国家作为代表“公共利益”的一种独立的形式,在社会生活中表征了一种“虚幻的共同体”(其背后是真实发生的阶级之间的斗争)。在国家、法这类东西中,统治阶级常常把“自己的利益也说成是普遍的利益”。在现实的个人生存中,这种普遍的东西往往是“异己的”和“不依赖”于个人的,并与个人相互对峙。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:437 3. This communal interest, or “general thing,” first of all objectively exists in reality as the “mutual interdependence of the individuals among whom the labor is divided.” As an independent form which represents the “common interest,” countries symbolize a kind of “illusory” general interest (behind which is fought out the real battles between the classes). In things like state and law, the ruling class makes “its own interest the general interest”. In real individual subsistence, this general thing is “alien” and “independent” of individuals; it is in opposition to individuals. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 340. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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