封建所有制【英】

feudal ownership; feudal property

译文来源

[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 05) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1987
[2] Zhang Yibing. Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014

定义

封建所有制就是地主土地所有制，即封建主阶级占有基本生产（土地），而农民没有或少有土地，农民为了生存，不得不租种地主的土地或在地主的土地上为地主做工。地主凭借对土地的占有对农民进行剥削和压榨。（通俗读物出版社编辑部，1956：28）封建所有制是封建生产关系的基础。在这种封建所有制之下，封建地主和农民存在的相互关系是农民对封建地主的人身依附关系和地主采用超经济的强制办法，强迫农民为封建地主进行劳作。农民并无独立的人格，其人身自由不同程度地受到封建地主的支配，这也是封建经济剥削的前提条件。封建社会的产品分配关系，是封建地主以封建地租为主要方式对农民进行残酷剥削和压榨。封建地租不仅包括农民的全部剩余劳动或剩余产品，而且往往囊括了农民必要劳动或必要产品的一部分。封建地租体现了封建地主阶级和农民阶级之间的剥削和被剥削、统治和被统治的关系，封建所有制是随着商品经济发展和资本主义的产生而逐步瓦解的。中国的封建所有制存在了二千多年的时间，是压在中国人民头上的一座大山，成为中国长期贫困和落后的重要原因之一。一九四九年中华人民共和国成立后，在中国共产党的领导下，全国范围内开展了土地改革运动，消灭了封建所有制关系。

定义来源

通俗读物出版社编辑部.农业合作化名词解释[Z].通俗读物出版社，1956.

例句

1. 趋于衰落的罗马帝国的最后几个世纪和蛮族对它的征服，使得生产力遭到了极大的破坏；农业衰落了，工业由于缺乏销路而一撅不振了，商业停顿或被迫中断了，城乡居民减少了。在日耳曼人的军事制度的影响下，现存关系以及受其制约的实现征服的方式发展了封建所有制。这种所有制与部落所有制和公社所有制一样，也是以某种共同体为基础的。但是作为直接进行生产的阶级而与这种共同体对立的，已经不是古代世界的奴隶，而是小农奴。随着封建制度的充分发展，也产生了与城市对立的现象。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第三卷）：德意志意识形态》，1956：27

1. The last centuries of the declining Roman Empire and its conquest by the barbarians destroyed a considerable part of the productive forces; agriculture had declined, industry had decayed for want of a market, trade had died out or been violently interrupted, the rural and urban population had decreased. These conditions and the mode of organisation of the conquest determined by them, together with the influence of the Germanic military constitution, led to the development of feudal property. Like tribal and communal property, it is also based on a community; but the directly producing class standing over against it is not, as in the case of the ancient community, the slaves, but the enserfed small peasantry. As soon as feudalism is fully developed, there also arises antagonism to the towns. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5): The German Ideology, 1975: 34.

2. 我以为，马克思这里的分析存在一些问题。因为，他是根据与大工业物质生产力发展（这恰恰是李嘉图经济学的本质）相反的逻辑来观察资产阶级社会现实的。他没能正确地理解，相对于封建所有制，资产阶级社会首先意味着一种真实的人的历史解放，这种解放正是建立在大工业物质生产力的巨大发展之上的。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：267

2. I believe that Marx’ s analysis here contains a few problems. This is because he is using the opposite logic of the development of the productive forces of large-scale industry to observe bourgeois social reality. This prevents him from correctly understanding that, relative to feudal ownership, bourgeois society implies a true historical liberation for man; this liberation is founded on the great development of the material productive forces of large-scale industry. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 177.

3. 马克思说，“中世纪的起点则是乡村”，这里出现的是以土地占有为基础的封建等级制；在城市中则出现了“同业公会（die Korporation）所有制”，即“行会”（Guild）。这种手工业的封建组织是一种和农村等级制相似的等级制。另外，封建所有制的主要形式，“一方面是地产和束缚于地产上的农奴劳动，另一方面是拥有少量资本并支配着帮工劳动的自身劳动”。这两种所有制的结构都是由“狭隘的生产关系—— 小规模的粗陋的土地耕作和手工业式的工业—— 决定的”。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009：474

3. Marx writes: “the Middle Ages started out from the country;” what appears here is a feudal hierarchy based on the ownership of land. In the cities, on the other hand, there appears “corporative (die Korporation) property, i.e., guilds.” This artisanal feudal organization is a hierarchical system similar to the hierarchy in the villages. Furthermore, “the chief form of property during the feudal epoch consisted on the one hand of landed property with serf labour chained to it, and on the other of the labour of the individual with small capital commanding the labour of journeymen. The organisation of both was determined by the restricted conditions of production—the small-scale and primitive cultivation of the land, and the craft type of industry.” -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 344.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
我国土地封建所有制的废除不是通过和平和行政的程序完成的，农民取得的土地产权始终没有消除国家对财产的影响，这使得政府在制度变迁中一直居于主导地位。——《中国农村土地制度变迁的新政治经济学分析》，辽宁大学博士学位论文，2012
The abolition of feudal land ownership in China is not through administrative or peaceful process. The land property rights achieved by farmers have not eliminated the impact of the government, which makes it dominated in institutional change.

例句 2：
马克思、恩格斯在《德意志意识形态》中对发展了的所有制划分了不同的形式，即部落所有制、封建所有制、资本主义所有制和社会主义所有制等。——《<德意志意识形态>中所有制思想探析》，河南大学硕士学位论文，2012
Marx, Engels in “German Ideology” in the development of the system of ownership was divided into different forms, namely the tribe, feudal ownership, ownership of capitalist ownership and socialist ownership.

例句 3：
马克思对资本主义制度的批判是非常客观的，一方面，他高度的肯定了资本主义把人类从腐朽的封建所有制社会中解救出来进入了一个全新变革后的资本主义社会。——《马克思资本主义批判逻辑研究》，西北师范大学硕士学位论文，2015
Marx’s criticism of the capitalist system is very objective, on the one hand, he highly praised the capitalism to save humanity from the decadent feudal ownership society entered a new capitalist society after the change.