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字词 宿命论
释义

宿命论【英】

fatalism

译文来源

[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:244.
[2] Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 2) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972: 531.

定义

宿命论,一种具有唯心主义倾向和宗教色彩的世界观。主要具有两方面含义,第一,是一种认为历史发展由某种不可抗拒、不可避免的神秘力量如天意或命运所决定的宗教和唯心主义学说。第二,是一种割裂自由和必然、偶然和必然的辩证关系,承认必然而否认自由和偶然,承认客观规律性而否认自觉能动性的机械唯物论观点。作为一种宗教和唯心主义学说时的宿命论,如中国孔子的“畏天命”之说、儒家关于“死生有命,富贵在天”的天命观、古希腊罗马斯多葛派“服从命运”的主张等等。其产生的根源,一方面在于古代统治阶级的压迫麻痹和削弱了群众的反抗精神;另一方面在于古代人们的科学技术水平落后的限制,人们认识能力低下,对自然和人类自身发展过程中的许多现象无法作出合理的解释,因而只好求助于带有宗教色彩的宿命论的解释。对此,宿命论主张一切都早已被最初的宇宙形态所确定,无从改变,完全否认人的自觉能动性,要求人们完全听任命运的安排,不作任何改造自然和社会现实的积极努力。作为一种机械唯物论观点时的宿命论,“它的产生是由于人类对自然和社会发展知识、对事物因果关系、现象和本质关系缺乏辩证了解,从而陷入对必然的夸大,陷入盲目性”(金炳华,2003:244)。其主张表现为,夸大事物必然性的作用,与形而上学循环论、神学目的论有着密切的联系。马克思主义哲学反对宿命论主张,唯物辩证法科学地解释了偶然性与必然性的辩证统一,揭穿了宿命论的唯心主义反科学本质,强调自由和必然是历史主客体的对立统一,在改造世界的实践活动中,既尊重客观规律,又要充分发挥人的主观能动性。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.

例句

1. 米海洛夫斯基先生所使用的这个微不足道的手法只是表明,他到现在为止对于决定论和宿命论之间有什么区别这个极其起码的问题都没有弄清楚。——《列宁全集(第二卷)》,1984:422

1. Mr. Mikhailovsky’s nonsensical sally only shows that he still fails to grasp the very elementary distinction between determinism and fatalism. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 2), 1972: 531.

2. 经济宿命论和对社会主义的伦理改造是密切联系在一起的。我们在伯恩斯坦、杜冈—巴拉诺夫斯基和奥托·鲍威尔那里同样也能找到这些东西,绝不是偶然的。更确切地说,这不单单是因为有必要为自我堵塞了的客观革命道路寻求和找到一种主观代用品,而且也是庸俗经济学考察方式在方法上产生的结果,即在方法论上采用个人主义的结果。——《历史与阶级意识—— 关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》,1996:89

2. Economic fatalism and the reformation of socialism through ethics are intimately connected. It is no accident that they reappear in similar form in Bernstein, Tugan-Barabovsky and Otto Bauer. This is not merely the result of the need to seek and find a subjective substitute for the objective oath to revolution that they themselves have blocked. It is the logical consequence of the vulgar-economic point of view and of methodological individualism. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1971: 38.

3. 这篇评论最积极的部分在于,我关于经济的观点变得具体化了。这首先表现在我对当时广泛流行于庸俗唯物主义的共产党人和资产阶级实证主义者中间的观点的激烈抨击。这种观点认为,技术是一种主要的因素,它在客观上决定着生产力的进步。这种观点明显地导向历史宿命论,导向对人和社会实践的取消;它导致这样一种观念:技术起着社会的“自然力”“自然规律”的作用。——《历史与阶级意识——关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》,1996:30

3. The most positive feature of this review is the way my views on economics become concretised. This can be seen above all in my polemic against an idea that had a wide currency among both vulgar-materialist Communists and bourgeois positivists. This was the notion that technology was the principle that objectively governed in the development of the forces of production. This evidently leads to historical fatalism, to the elimination of man and social activity; it leads to the ideal that technology functions like a societal ‘natural force’ obedient to ‘natural laws’. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1971: xxxiii.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
无神论哲学一直对宿命论进行批判,从希腊古典哲学到欧洲近代哲学,从赫拉克利特到马克思,辩证唯物主义揭开了宿命的真相,指出人生的发展有其必然性,是环境的制约性和主观能动性辩证统一;是因果机制发生作用的表现;是必然性和偶然性相互作用的结果。——《论当代宿命论影响的深层原因》,吉林大学硕士学位论文,2009
Has been the overthrow of feudal rule, has also been criticism of fatalism, in the contemporary society, it stressed that the main sense of and democratic politics, but still some people believe that fatalism. The reason why the existence of this social phenomenon has its underlying causes: the objective causes and subjective reasons.

例句 2:
《远大前程》,作为狄更斯创作后期一部非常重要的作品,与他之前的作品有很大的不同,呈现出一种悲喜剧的特点,喜剧之中混合着很厚的悲剧色彩。本文作者在分析研究该作品和前人研究成果的基础上,认为该作品中传达的是一种具有狄更斯特色的宿命论:精髓虽然是宿命论的观点,但是狄更斯赋予了其乐观主义的成分,让这种宿命论最终具有一种人文的关怀和积极的力量。——《<远大前程>中的宿命论》,上海外国语大学硕士学位论文,2005
Dickens is well-known for his humorous style which caters for the popular taste quite appropriately. Especially his early novels are soaked with humorous elements and help to establish him a great fame. Great Expectations was created in the late phase of his career. Therefore, besides inheriting his consistent genius, this book exhibits a sort of deviation from the main road which I will exert myself to discussion in the following chapters. After a thorough study of this book, I would like to point out a view that fatalism is visible, or to be exact, is what the author tries to conve

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