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字词 剩余价值(绝对剩余价值和相对剩余价值)
释义

剩余价值(绝对剩余价值和相对剩余价值)【英】

surplus value (absolute surplus value and relative surplus value)

译文来源

Zhang Yibing. A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek [M]. Berlin: Canut International Publishers, 2011: 182.

定义

被资本家所雇佣的工人在生产过程中所创造的价值超过其劳动力价值的部分。剩余价值是由雇佣工人的剩余劳动所创造而被资本家无偿占有的,它体现着资本家剥削雇佣工人的关系。榨取剩余价值是资本主义生产的唯一目的。 雇佣工人的工作日分为必要劳动时间和剩余劳动时间。资本家购买雇佣工人的劳动力以后,强迫工人在必要劳动时间内再生产出劳动力的价值; 在剩余劳动时间内生产剩余价值,被资本家无偿占有。马克思分析了劳动力这种特殊商品的价值和使用价值,发现了剩余价值的源泉,揭露了资产阶级对无产阶级剥削的秘密,阐明了资本主义产生、发展和灭亡的规律。这是马克思的划时代的伟大功绩。剩余价值学说是科学上的一项伟大发现,是“马克思经济理论的基石”(罗肇鸿,1995:http://kns.cnki.net/kns/brief/Default_Result.aspx?code=CRPD&kw=%E5%89%A9%E4%BD%99%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC&korder=0&sel=1&xkcode=*)。
 按照剩余价值的生产方法,剩余价值可分为绝对剩余价值和相对剩余价值。绝对剩余价值是指通过延长工作时间从而延长剩余劳动时间而生产的剩余价值;相对剩余价值是指压缩必要劳动时间、相应延长剩余劳动时间而生产的剩余价值。在早期资本主义社会,资本家以获取绝对剩余价值为主,后来变为以获取相对剩余价值为主。剩余价值率是剩余价值与购买劳动力的可变资本的比率,它反映资本家对雇佣工人的剥削程度(中国社会科学院经济研究所,2005:
http://kns.cnki.net/kns/brief/Default_Result.aspx?code=CRPD&kw=%E5%89%A9%E4%BD%99%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC&korder=0&sel=1&xkcode=*)。

定义来源

[1] 罗肇鸿.资本主义大辞典[Z].人民出版社,1995.
[2] 中国社会科学院经济研究所.现代经济词典[Z].凤凰出版社,2005.

例句

1. 资本主义生产离开对外贸易是根本不行的。但是,假定正常的年再生产规模已定,那也就是假定,对外贸易仅仅是以使用形式或实物形式不同的物品来替换本国的物品(Artikel——商品),而不影响价值关系,也就是不影响生产资料和消费资料这两个部类互相交换的价值关系,同样也不影响每一部类的产品价值所能分解成的不变资本、可变资本和剩余价值的关系。——《列宁全集(第四卷)》,1984:41-42

1. “Capitalist production does not exist at all without foreign commerce. But when one assumes normal annual reproduction on a given scale one also assumes that foreign commerce only replaces home products [Artikel - goods] by articles of other use- or bodily form, without affecting value-relations, hence without affecting either the value relations in which the two categories ‘means of production’ and ‘articles of consumption’ mutually exchange, or the relations between constant capital, variable capital, and surplus - value, into which the value of the product of each of these categories may be divided. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 4), 1977: 56-57.

2. 另一方面,这个vir obscurus忽略了,就在分析商品的时候,我并不限于考察商品所表现的二重形式,而是立即进一步验证了商品的这种二重存在体现着生产商品的劳动的二重性:有用劳动,即创造使用价值的劳动的具体形式,和抽象劳动,作为劳动力消耗的劳动,不管它用何种“有用的”方式消耗(这是以后说明生产过程的基础);论证了在商品的价值形式的发展、归根到底是货币形式即货币的发展中,一种商品的价值通过另一种商品的使用价值,即另一种商品的自然形式表现出来;论证了剩余价值本身是从劳动力特有的“特殊的”使用价值中产生的,如此等等,所以在我看来,使用价值起着一种与在以往的政治经济学中完全不同的重要作用,但是——这是必须指出的——使用价值始终只是在这样一种场合才予以注意,即这种研究是从分析一定的经济结构得出的,而不是从空谈“使用价值”和“价值”这些概念和词得出的。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第十九卷)》,1963: 414

2. On the other hand the vir obscurus has overlooked the fact that even in my analysis of the commodity I do not come to a halt with its dual way of presenting itself, but immediately proceed to show that in this duality of the commodity there presents itself the dual character of the labour whose product it is: of useful labour, i.e. the concrete modes of the labours which create use-values, and of abstract labour, of labour as expenditure of labour power, regardless of the “useful” way in which it is expended (on which the presentation of the production process later depends); that in the development of the value form of the commodity, in the final instance its money form, and thus of money, the value of a commodity presents itself in the use-value of the other commodity, i.e. in its natural form; that surplus-value itself is derived from a “specific” use-value of labour power belonging to it exclusively, etc., etc., that, in other words, for me use-value plays an important part quite different from its part in economics hitherto, but note bene it still only comes under consideration when such a consideration stems from the analysis with regard to economic formations, not from arguing hither and thither about the concepts or words “use value” and “value”. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 24), 1989: 546.

3. 如果我没有理解错,这个新情况出现在西方的福特主义之后,即当福特第一次提出。“让工人消费得起商品”时开始的。只是在这时,才发生了今天资本主义生产方式从压榨工人绝对剩余价值(延长工时)向相对剩余价值盘剥转变的一个新的重要方面。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思主义思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:127

3. If I understand it correctly, the new situation occurred after the enforcement of Fordism in the West, when Ford for the first time proposed the idea to enable workers to buy goods. Only till then did capitalist mode of production turn from exploiting the absolute surplus value (by prolonging working hours) to the exploitation of relative surplus value. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 182.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
社会主义社会是否还存在剩余价值,是一个争议比较大的问题。社会主义不应有“剩余价值”这一概念的观点,实际上是受原苏联政治经济学教科书中关于剩余价值定义的束缚。——“共享价值论初析”,载于《复旦学报(社会科学版)》2015年第3期
It is a big controversial issue whether surplus value exists in socialist society. Actually the idea that socialism should not include surplus value is misled by the textbook concept in former Soviet Union.

例句 2:
剩余价值是马克思经济理论中的关键概念。在此基础之上构建的剩余价值理论被誉为马克思的两大发现之一。因此,剩余价值理论受到国内外经济学家的重视。伴随着经济全球化、资本金融化、科技信息化,当今发达资本主义国家剩余价值生产、流通和分割发生了新的变化。——“‘流通剩余价值‘的研究进展、资本主义新变化及启示”,载于《上海财经大学学报》2016年第2期
Surplus value is one of the key concepts of Marx’s economic theories. Theory of surplus value built on this is known as one of two big discoveries by Marx. Therefore, the theory of surplus value has received much attention from domestic and foreign economists. Along with economic globalization, capital financialization, and technology informatization, the production, circulation and division of surplus value in developed capitalist countries have undergone new changes nowadays.

例句 3:
伴随着经济全球化、资本金融化、科技信息化,当今发达资本主义国家的剩余价值生产、流通和分割的理论及其实践都发生了新变化。分割剩余价值理论的新进展,也是基于四个方面的现实变化而推动的。——“‘分割剩余价值’的理论进展及其在资本主义的新变化”,载于《江西财经大学学报》2016年第2期
Along with the economic globalization, capital financialization, informatization of science and technology, the theory and practice of the production, cir

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更新时间:2024/11/5 5:59:28