天启（又作启示）【英】

(theology of) the Revelation; apocalypse; apocalyptic (adj.)

译文来源

[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003：689.
[2] Sim, S. Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History [M]. London: Routledge, 2001: 107.

定义

天启，即“启示”。亦译“神启”或“天启”。指超越者或神圣者(神或上帝)以不同方式向人自我揭示或显现。一译“天启”。基督教神学用语。谓上帝向人显示其旨意及“真理”。主要谓上帝通过所造自然，在其规律性中向人显示上帝创造的奥妙；通过《圣经》向人指明真伪、是非以及当与不当；通过上帝圣子耶稣基督道成肉身，取了人的形象，向人直接显示上帝自身，构成最大的和最根本的启示。上帝的启示是信仰的根基。启示一方面显示出上帝的权力与品格，另一方面则显示出上帝对人世的救恩。《圣经》被视为上帝之道的直接启示，教会传统因而强调其完整性和不可修改性。《圣经》中展示的启示方法包括外形的表显、内心的暗示和会合的动作这三种。先知或上帝使者的异象和梦兆等被看作接受启示的最主要途径（金炳华，2003：689）。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003.

例句

1. “按照黑格尔的逻辑学，或确切些说，按照逻各斯学说，矛盾的东西决不是在按本性来说只能被看做主观的和自觉的思维中存在着，而是在事物和过程本身中客观地存在着，而且可以说是见诸形体的，这样，背理就不再是不可想象的思想组合，而是成为一种实际的力量。荒谬东西的现实性，是黑格尔关于逻辑和非逻辑统一的第一项信条…… 愈矛盾就愈真实，或者换句话说，愈荒谬就愈可信，这种并非新发现的、而是从天启神学和神秘主义中抄来的箴言，是所谓辩证原则的赤裸裸的表现。”——《马克思恩格斯全集（第二十卷）》，1973：131

1. “Contradiction, according to the Hegelian logic, or rather Logos doctrine, is objectively present not in thought, which by its nature can only be conceived as subjective and conscious, but in things and processes themselves and can be met with in so to speak corporeal form, so that absurdity does not remain an impossible combination of thought but becomes an actual force. The reality of the absurd is the first article of faith in the Hegelian unity of the logical and the illogical.... The more contradictory a thing the truer it is, or in other words, the more absurd the more credible it is. This maxim, which is not even newly invented but is borrowed from the theology of the Revelation and from mysticism, is the naked expression of the so-called dialectical principle”. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 110.

2. 《霸权与社会主义战略》没有浪费时间去建立它的后马克思主义证明，而以天启论的语调清楚地阐明，左翼必须改弦更张：左翼思想如今处于一个十字路口上。过去的“显白真理”——分析和政治算计的经典形式、冲突力量的本质、左翼斗争和目标的意义——已经受到纷至沓来的历史突变的严重挑战。这一挑战撕裂了那些真理得以成立的基础……社会主义及其实现道路的全部构想方式已经越来越被打上了问号。——《后马克思主义思想史》，2011：20-21

2. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy wastes no time in establishing its post-Marxist credentials, making it clear, in apocalyptic-sounding tones, that the left must change its ways: Left-wing thought today stands at a crossroads. The ‘evident truths’ of the past—the classical forms of analysis and political calculation, the nature of the forces in conflict, the very meaning of the Left’s struggles and objectives—have been seriously challenged by an avalanche of historical mutations which have riven the ground on which those truths were constituted. . . a question-mark has fallen more and more heavily over a whole way of conceiving both socialism and the roads that should lead to it. -Quoted from Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History, 2001: 13.

3. 启蒙的规划实际上被贬为文化史上的小插曲，而不是支持者所声称的具有先验重要性的事件——人由此最终开始把自身从社会——政治的压迫中解放出来，实现其合理地控制自身命运的潜能。福柯没有分享那种乐观主义。莫奎尔（J. G. Merquior）谈到了福柯对“启蒙的彻底蔑视”和一种由此描绘天启式的新近历史观念的倾向。知识型毫无征兆地崩溃了；未来是不可预测的；人道主义差不多只是一种即将消亡的幻想：从这样一种角度来看，马克思主义开始变得不再重要。——《后马克思主义思想史》，2011：167

3. The Enlightenment project is effectively dismissed as a minor episode in cultural history, rather than the event of transcendent importance that its supporters claim, whereby mankind began finally to liberate itself from socio-political oppression and realise its potential for rational control of its own destiny. Foucault shares none of that optimism, and his estrangement from the Marxist world-view is very evident. J. G. Merquior speaks of a ‘systematic disparagement of the Enlightenment’ in Foucault’s work, and a tendency to present an apocalyptic vision of recent history in consequence. Epistemes collapse without warning; the future is unpredictable; humanism little more than a passing fancy: from such a perspective, Marxism comes to seem an irrelevance. -Quoted from Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History, 2001: 107.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
话语动机与话语领域的不同，那么在话语的策略运用上也呈现了迥然相异的个性：一个以尘世为视角而另一个以神学为视角，一个重视自然理性与现实经验而另一个重视天启与灵性经验，一个在情感和话语表达上以抗争为主而另一个在情感和话语表达上以弥合为主。——《抗争与弥合》，福建师范大学硕士学位论文，2005
The difference of discourse motive and field endowed the employed discourse strategy with peculiar characteristics: one in the perspective of secular world while the other theology, one with emphasis laid on natural rationalism and experience and the other gift and holy experience, both concerned with sentiments and discourse expression, but one for conflict while the other softening.

例句 2：
虽然卢卡奇深刻地认识到了现实主义深陷在主客二分的认识论之中，但卢卡奇只是在黑格尔辩证法的基础上，把现实主义的方方面面粘合在“总体性”原则下，并没有解决主客二元的对立，甚至使得现实主义进一步陷入了“天启论”。——《现实主义的存在论根基》，上海师范大学硕博士学位论文，2010
Although Lukacs keenly aware of the realism trapped in the epistemological dichotomy among the subject and the object, Lukacs only in the Hegelian dialectic, based on the realistic aspects of the bonding in the "totality" principle, does not address subject-object binary opposition, and even makes realistic further into a "Apocalypse theory".