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字词 象征化
释义

象征化【英】

to symbolise

译文来源

Marx, K. & F. Engel. Marx & Engels Collected Works (Vol. 37) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1998: 529.

定义

象征化,(1)也称“象征作用”,是指一种防御机制,主要指以有关的中性事物来表示某些具有威胁性或违禁性的东西之潜意识过程。比如,利用枪、塔尖、蛇和水龙头等来象征阴茎。佛洛依德认为象征作用最常见于梦的外显内容中。此外,在日常生活、宗教仪式和文艺创作中,也可找到许多事例。癔症和精神分裂症病人的某些行为也被看作是象征化的结果(车文博,2001:62)。(2)布雷奇提出的象征化与再象征化。布雷奇选择了在英加顿和霍兰德的作品中运用德那种连续策略:“他把意识分为两个阶段,一个是‘原始的’经验阶段,即象征化;另一个是由后来的反映性动机形成的阶段,即再象征化”(王逢振,1988:94)。幼儿在讲故事的环境里其心理活动是一种主观的辩证……代表着后来出现的复杂的理念活动形式的原型状况(王逢振,1988:96—97)。通过感官知觉的交流,听故事的小孩在他的想象反应的语言系统和故事本身的语言系统之间建立起一种辩证。可以说,这个小孩在把故事的意思象征化为他自己对那个故事的看法时,他便立即会把那种看法作为“故事”具体化,并且他会把这种具体化加以再象征化或对它进行解释,因而他就会进入某种与自己对话的状态。

定义来源

[1] 车文博.心理咨询大百科全书[M].杭浙江科学技术出版社,2001.
[2] 王逢振.意识与批评现象学、阐释学和文学的意思[M].漓江出版社,1988.

例句

1. 威尔逊问查普曼(第5131号),是不是在这种进口原料和殖民地商品起运的同时,已经凭这些货物对英国开出汇票?是不是这种汇票会和提单同时寄到?查普曼相信是这样,但是他对这种“商人的”业务一无所知,建议我们去问内行的人。——查普曼说,在对美国的出口上,“商品在过境时被象征化了”[第5133号];这种胡言乱语的意思应当是说,英国出口商人凭他的商品向伦敦的一家美国大银行开出以四个月为期的汇票,这家银行则从美国得到补偿。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十五卷)下》,1974:604

1. Wilson inquires of Chapman (5131), whether bills of exchange on England are not drawn simultaneously with the loading of these imported raw materials and colonial goods and whether these bills of exchange do not arrive simultaneously with the bills of lading. Chapman believes so, but does not profess to know anything about such “commercial” transactions and suggests that experts in this field be questioned.—In exporting to America, remarks Chapman, “the goods are symbolised in transitu"; this gibberish is supposed to mean that the English export merchant draws against his commodities bills of exchange with a four-month term on one of the big American banking houses in London and this firm receives collateral from America. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 37), 1998: 529-530.

2. 为了对产品进行单纯的比较——对产品估价——,为了在观念上决定产品的价值,只要在头脑中进行这种形态变化就够了(在这种形态变化中,产品单纯作为量的生产关系的表现而存在)。在对商品进行比较时,这种抽象就够了;而在实际交换中,这种抽象又必须物化,象征化,通过某个符号而实现。这是由于:(1)正如我们已经说过,两个待交换的商品,是在头脑中转化为共同的量的比例即交换价值,从而互相进行估价。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第四十六卷)上》,1979:88

2. For mere comparison, for the valuation of products, for the notional determination of their value, it is enough to make this transformation in the head (a transformation in which the product exists simply as the expression of quantitative relationships of production). For the comparison of commodities, this abstraction is sufficient; for actual exchange, this abstraction must again be objectified, symbolised, realised through a token. The necessity arises as follows: (1) As we have already said, the commodities to be exchanged are both transformed in the head into common ratios of magnitudes, exchange values, and so valued against each other. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 28), 1986: 81.

3. 从理论上看,价值的这种商品等价作用,“在纸上,在头脑中,这种形态变化是通过纯粹的抽象进行的;但是,在实际的交换中,必须有一种实际的媒介,一种手段,来实现这种抽象”。一般而言,价值是一种抽象,“在对商品进行比较时,这种抽象就够了;而在实际交换中,这种抽象就必须物化,象征化,通过某个符号而实现”。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:557

3. Theoretically speaking, value, this equivalence effect of commodities, “On paper, in the head, this metamorphosis proceeds by means of mere abstraction; but in the real exchange process a real mediation is required, a means to accomplish this abstraction.” Generally speaking, value is an abstraction, “This abstraction will do for comparing commodities; but in actual exchange this abstraction in turn must be objectified, must be symbolized, realized in a symbol.” -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 441.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
宗教与艺术有着彼此交融和交相为用的关系。宗教的诸要素(宗教观念、宗教情感、宗教行为和宗教仪式活动等)之社会表现的基本特征就是“象征化”。而“象征化”就是感性化、具体化、形象化,亦即“艺术化”。宗教诸要素在必然采用象征化的艺术作为表现自己的同时,又必然作用于艺术,形成和助长了宗教与艺术之间伴生共长的关系。——《宗教对社会生活的影响》,山东大学硕士学位论文,2007
Religion and art has the relation of amalgamation from each other. The basic characteristic of the main factors of religion (religious concept, emotion, behavior and ceremony activity) is symbolization. Symbolization is perception, concretion and visualization, namely art. The main factors of religion inevitably adopt symbolized art to express themselves, at the same time, they must affect on art, form and encourage the accompanying relation between religion and art.

例句 2:
同时,典型的规训力量与象征化的关联,深刻展现了“政府搭台媒体唱戏”等那些安静却不平常的现象。——《典型报道的话语分析》,复旦大学博士学位论文,2006
At the same time, the strength of “Typical Reporting” is a symbol of connection which profoundly illustrates the “cooperation” between the government and the media, something that seems to be peaceful but unusual.

例句 3:
第一章主要是概述了空间的概念、传统认知和多学科的研究成果。在此基础上指出,空间进入人类文化之中,是被建构用来表达意义和关系的,由此了论述宗教文化中空间的符号化和象征化,宗教在建构空间的过程中如何利用空间表征它的思想和教义。——《宗教文化中空间的符号表征和实践》,中央民族大学博士学位论文,2013
Therefore, the first chapter is about the space signs and symbol in religious culture. In the construction process of space, religious cultures represent its thought and doctri

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