字词 | 胡塞尔 |
释义 | 胡塞尔【英】Edmund Husserl译文来源via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl 定义胡塞尔(Edmund Husserl,1859—1938)是德国哲学家、20世纪现象学学派创始人。胡塞尔出生于普罗斯尼兹的莫拉维亚省的一个犹太人家庭,曾在莱比锡大学学习物理学、天文学和数学,在此期间,胡塞尔还会抽时间听哲学家威廉·冯特的课。之后,胡塞尔在柏林弗里德里希·威廉大学继续深造(via: http://baike.so.com/doc/6005821-6218805.html)。胡塞尔在1881年进入维也纳大学,在1883年获哲学博士学位。在1884年至1886年间,胡塞尔听了弗兰兹·布伦塔诺(1838—1917)的课,课程中涉及的关于休谟、密尔的思想以及有关伦理学、心理学及逻辑学问题的研究对胡塞尔的哲学的发展有着极其重大的影响。之后,胡塞尔听从布伦塔诺的建议进入哈勒大学(via: http://baike.baidu.com/subview/9197/9197.html)。在哈勒大学,胡塞尔成为心理学家卡尔·斯通普夫(1848—1936)的助手。之后,胡塞尔应邀到哥廷根大学任教,并在那里发展了他的现象学概念。由于胡塞尔的犹太血统,1933年以后,胡塞尔被禁止参加学术活动。1938年,胡塞尔因胸膜炎病逝于布莱斯高的弗莱堡(via: http://baike.sogou.com/v217642.htm)。在胡塞尔看来,现象学是关于意识以及意识的活动的本质的描述性科学,现象学的对象是纯粹意识,现象学所揭示的真理是永恒的绝对的真理。胡塞尔提出“现象学还原”(也称“加括号”)的方法,认为可以将现实世界的一切放进一个“括号”里,不作任何判断,以能够面向事物本身。从而进入本质的纯粹意识的领域。胡塞尔认为,对本质的认识只能靠直观,而非理性。胡塞尔提出“先验自我还原”,指出在纯粹意识中有一个深藏的隐蔽的我,它是先验的自我本位和全部还原过程的最终产物。胡塞尔的现象学对存在主义、结构主义、分析哲学都产生了较大的影响。胡塞尔的主要著作包括《逻辑研究》、《纯粹现象学和现象学哲学的观念》、《形式逻辑和超验逻辑》等(via: http://baike.so.com/doc/6005821-6218805.html)。 定义来源[1] 胡塞尔.via: http://baike.so.com/doc/6005821-6218805.html 例句1. 这很像后来胡塞尔—海德格尔那个“现成性”和“生成性”的关系。前者是“存在着的物体”,即我们“必须从各个观点不仅观察它们的实际情况,同时也要观察它们的性质”的事实;后者则是“发生着的事件”,这就是说“事物在我们观察它们怎样发生时所呈现出来的现象”的事实用今天认知科学的话语来指认,也是所谓的共时性与历时性的不同视角。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:29 1. This is similar to the relationship between the pre-established and the generative proposed by Husserl and Heidegger. The former are “objects that exist.” These “must be seen exactly as they are, under every point of view, with all their qualities.” The latter are “events that take place.” These “consist of the phenomena exhibited when we observe the manner in which things take place.” To use today’s language of cognitive science, these are the different perspectives of synchronicity and diachronicity. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 6. 2. 所以,反对黑格尔首先会是非概念化。通俗地讲,非概念性就是指还没有被抹去质的差别的活生生存在的具体事物,这当然也会是人之个别性的特殊存在。揭穿了说,这是创化新人本主义的克尔凯郭尔的“这个”或海德格尔的“此在”(有死者一定的在世中)已经挑明的讨论域,先说明一点,阿多诺当然不是简单地反对思想中的理性本质,并试图回到事物粗糙的感性表象,而是要求在深刻的思想中重新观照事物的具体特性。这就像柏格森和胡塞尔后来所一再标示出来的直觉,并非感性直觉而是理性直觉一样,目的是造成凝固观念的重新变易和不逮性。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2011:14 2. So to oppose Hegel is to fight against non-conceptuality in the first place. Generally speaking, non-conceptuality means concretely heterogamous objects, namely the individual and particular presence. Indeed, it is the field exploited by new humanist Kierkegaard’s “this one” or Heidegger’s “Dasein.” There is a point to be noted that, Adorno does not oppose to the rational nature in thought or turn to coarse external phenomena; rather, he attempts to reach the individual characteristics of things in profound thought. It is something like the concept of “intuition” mentioned by Bergson and Husserl. It means not a sensible intuition but a rational one that produces the changeability and the unattainability of the concretionary concepts. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2007: 32. 3. 这是说,在人的认识中,本质总是由抽象的概念中介式地达及的。但更重要的是.本质的概念性(conceptuality)并不是要证明本质是纯粹的主观存在.而恰恰确认了:不管人们对本质的认识“多么依赖于主体的责任,被感知的世界都不是主体自身的世界,而是一个敌视主体的世界”。也是在这一点上,阿多诺批评胡塞尔。他认为,胡塞尔固然也对“思维主体的普遍统治”不满,反对将本质看成是“从某个源头产生的一种要素”,但由于他的“唯心主义、纯粹精神的一种本体论变得如此肥大”,以至于他关于本质直觉的观点也落入了另一种绝对同一性逻辑之中。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2011:44 3. That is to say, in human cognition, essence is always rendered through the mediation of abstract concept. More importantly, the conceptuality of essence is not to prove that essence is an absolute existence of subjectivity, but to confirm that, in terms of men's cognition of essence, “no matter how much blame may attach to the subject’s contribution, the conceived world is not its own but a world hostile to the subject.” It is also at this point that Adorno criticizes Husserl. He thinks, though Husserl dislikes “the thinking subject’s universal rule” and objects to taking essence as “an element sprung from a source,” his idealism, an ontologization of the pure mind, was hypertrophied. As a result, his idea about essentialist intuition also falls into another identical logic of the absolute. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2007: 72. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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