字词 | 乐观主义 |
释义 | 乐观主义【英】optimism译文来源[1] McLellan, D. Marxism after Marx: An Introduction [M]. Translated by Zhang Yibing. London: Macmillan Press, 1998: 85. 定义乐观主义与“悲观主义”相对,“作为一种世界观、历史观和人生观,认为理想终将成为现实,善终将战胜恶,正义终将战胜非正义”(金炳华,2001:794)。乐观主义者总是相信自己有足够的行为能力来承受和减弱原有负向价值对于自己的不良影响,并使原有正向价值发挥更大的积极效应,因此他只关心事物的正向价值,而不关心事物的负向价值,并把最大正向价值作为其行为方案的选择标准,这种人容易看到事物好的一面,不容易看到事物坏的一面,对于效益反应很敏感,对于亏损反应迟钝,其行为决策总是遵循“大中取大”的价值选择原则。德国的莱布尼茨最早使用“乐观主义”(德Optimismus)一词,他认为,上帝在创世时已做好安排,使一切趋于完善,达到和谐。西方思想史上,尼采肯定生命的意义、人生的意义,主张正视人生的苦难,肯定人生的悲剧美,倡导一种积极肯定生命的酒神精神,使人们在正视人生的痛苦和绝望的同时,又把人们引向欢乐和希望,形成了乐观主义的人生哲学(张启胜,2011:55)。无产阶级的革命乐观主义是无产阶级世界观的表现之一。毛泽东指出“星星之火,可以燎原”,这种对生活和革命事业的前途充满信心的乐观主义精神,是建立在自觉地认识和掌握历史发展的客观规律的基础之上的。 定义来源[1] 金炳华.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001. 例句1. 对广大工人阶级的觉悟程度和行动能力持乐观主义,使托洛茨基拒绝列宁所强调的组织一个革命先锋队的政党。的确,托洛茨基在反对列宁关于党的看法时,就像任何一个孟什维克一样凶狠。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2005:78 1. Trotsky’s optimism about mass working-class consciousness and activity led him to reject Lenin's emphasis on the organisation of a revolutionary vanguard party. Indeed, Trotsky was as virulent in his opposition to Lenin's views on the Party as any Menshevik. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 85. 2. 如果你想要找出某一个倾向于最能体现马克思主义的分析方法特征的东西,那就是(以最简化的方式来表述)经济因素是最重要的因素,其重要性超过政治、法律、宗教等一切东西。如今,这一分析方法也从三个方面遭受严重的压力。第一方面显而易见的是,民族主义的持续致“病”性。按照《共产党宣言》的说法,全世界的工人是没有祖国的。全世界的工人被认为跨越了国界,正团结成同一个阶级。然而20世纪所爆发的第一次世界大战及后续的历史事件都宣告了这种乐观主义破产了,如今的民族主义仍像以往那样势力强劲。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2005:359 2. If you wanted to isolate something which tends to be the most typical of the Marxist method of analysis, it is (to put it in very simplistic terms) that the economic factor is the most important one; more important than politics, more important than law, more important than religion and so forth. Now this approach also has come under severe strain in three areas. The first of these areas is obviously the continuing virulence of nationalism. The workers of the world were supposed to have no fatherland according to the Communist Manifesto; the workers of the world were supposed to be uniting as a single class across nationa1 boundaries. The First World War and subsequent events in the twentieth century have put paid to that optimism, and nationalism is as strong now as it ever has been. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 373. 3. 在说过这番话之后,当马克思主义的遗产仍然如此清晰可见的时候,拉克劳和墨菲在试图重新定位社会主义时面临一个巨大的问题,除此之外,他们还应该阐明这种重新定位应该在何种地形上进行。有人还觉得不得不称赞他们总是冒险表现出的乐观主义意识。——《后马克思主义思想史》,2011:49 3. Having said that, Laclau and Mouffe do face a massive problem in trying to redimension socialism while the legacy of Marxism is still so visible, and if nothing else, they make it crystal clear what terrain that redimensioning exercise must take place on. One feels compelled to applaud, too, the sense of optimism they invariably bring to the venture. -Quoted from Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History, 2001: 31. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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