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字词 阶级划分
释义

阶级划分【英】

class distinction; class division

译文来源

[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 26) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990: 517.
[2] Class Divisions Today ― The Inclusive Democracy approach. via: http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/dn/vol6/takis_class.htm

定义

阶级划分,是指阶级社会里各阶级不同阶级性的区分。划分阶级的依据:经济地位。主要是指人们在生产关系中的地位,其中主要是对生产资料的占有状况。阶级是一个经济范畴。它来源于经济,是由人们的经济地位决定的。正如马克思所说:“在人们的生产力发展的一定状况下,就会有一定的交换和消费形式。在生产、交换和消费发展的一定阶段上,就会有相应的社会制度、相应的家庭、等级或阶级组织,一句话,就会有相应的市民社会。有一定的市民社会,就会有不过是市民社会的正式表现的相应的政治国家”(马克思,恩格斯,1995:306)。恩格斯也指出:“生产以及随生产而来的产品交换是一切社会制度的基础;在每个历史地出现的社会中,产品分配以及和它相伴随的社会之划分为阶级或等级,是由生产什么、怎样生产以及怎样交换产品来决定的”(马克思,恩格斯,1975:678)。各个阶级在政治上、思想上的特点,归根到底是由它们的经济地位决定的,所以经济地位是阶级划分的客观依据。马克思恩格斯对古罗马、中世纪的社会作出过阶级划分,但没有明确划分的标准。对资本主义社会的阶级,他们作出过较为明确的概念界矩或提出过较为明确的划分思路(赵学昌,2013:44)。恩格斯在《共产党宣言》1888年英文版上对资产者和无产者加了一个注:“资产阶级是指占有社会牛产资料并使用雇佣劳动的现代资本家阶级。无产阶级是指没有自己的生产资料、因而不得不靠出卖劳动力来维持生活的现代雇佣工人阶级”(马克思,恩格斯,1995:272)。阶级划分对政治、思想等具有深刻影响,阶级作为在经济上处于不同地位的社会集团出现后,它们之间的矛盾和斗争不仅仅表现在经济方面,而且还表现在政治、思想等方面。

定义来源

[1] 马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第三卷)[C].人民出版社,1995.
[2] 马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯全集(第二十三卷)[M].人民出版社,1975.
[3] 赵学昌.马克思恩格斯阶级划分理论及当代中国社会各阶级的分析[D].南开大学,2013.
[4] 马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第一卷)[C].人民出版社,1995.

例句

1. 虽然“宣言”是我们两人共同的作品,但我终究认为必须指出,构成“宣言”核心的基本原理是属于马克思一个人的。这个原理就是:每一历史时代主要的经济生产方式与交换方式及其所必然决定的社会结构,是该时代政治的和智慧的历史所赖以确立的基础,并且只有从这一基础出发,这一历史才能得到说明;因此人类的全部历史(从土地公有的原始氏族社会解体以来)都是阶级斗争的历史,即剥削阶级和被剥削阶级之间、统治阶级和被压迫阶级之间斗争的历史;这个阶级斗争的历史包括有一系列发展阶段,现在已经达到这样一个阶段,即被剥削被压迫的阶级(无产阶级),如果不同时使整个社会一劳永逸地摆脱任何剥削、压迫以及阶级划分和阶级斗争,就不能使自己从进行剥削和统治的那个阶级(资产阶级)的控制下解放出来。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十一卷)》,1965:408

1. The "Manifesto" being our joint production, I consider myself bound to state that the fundamental proposition which forms its nucleus, belongs to Marx. That proposition is: that in every historical epoch, the prevailing mode of economic production and exchange, and the social organisation necessarily following from it, form the basis upon which is built up, and from which alone can be explained, the political and intellectual history of that epoch; that consequently the whole history of mankind (since the dissolution of primitive tribal society, holding land in common ownership) has been a history of class struggles, contests between exploiting and exploited, ruling and oppressed classes; that the history of these class struggles form a series of evolution in which, nowadays, a stage has been reached where the exploited and oppressed class—the proletariat—cannot attain its emancipation from the sway of the exploiting and ruling class—the bourgeoisie—without, at the same time, and once and for all emancipating society at large from all exploitation, oppression, class-distinctions and class-struggles. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 26), 1990: 517.

2. 波格丹诺夫先生的《教程》的突出优点,正在于作者始终坚持了历史唯物主义。他在说明某一个经济发展时期的时候,通常总是结合该经济制度的根本特点,来“叙述”政治制度、家庭关系和社会思想的主要派别。作者在阐明了某一经济制度怎样产生一定的社会阶级划分之后,就说明这些阶级在那个历史时期的政治、家庭、精神生活各方面的表现,说明这些阶级的利益怎样反映在一定的经济学派中,例如主张自由竞争的学派就反映了资本主义上升发展时期资产阶级的利益,而庸俗经济学派(第284页),即辩护学派,则反映了晚期资产阶级的利益。——《列宁全集(第四卷)》,1984:3

2. The outstanding merit of Mr. Bogdanov’s Course is that the author adheres consistently to historical materialism. In outlining a definite period of economic development in his “exposition” he usually gives a sketch of the political institutions, the family relations, and the main currents of social thought in connection with the basic features of the economic system under discussion. The author explains how the particular economic system gave rise to a certain division of society into classes and shows how these classes manifested themselves in the political, family, and intellectual life of that historical period, and how the interests of these classes were reflected in certain schools of economic thought, for example, how the interests of developing capitalism were expressed by the school of free competition and how, at a later period, the interests of the same class were expressed by the school of vulgar economists (284), the apologist school. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 4), 1977: 49-50.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
在马克思恩格斯阶级划分理论生成之前,西欧资产阶级历史编撰学家、经济学家和空想社会主义学者对阶级的认识为马克思恩格斯研究阶级划分提供了思想素材。——《马克思恩格斯阶级划分理论及当代中国社会各阶级的分析》,南开大学博士学位论文,2013
Before Marx Engels’s class theory generation, provided thought material Western Europe bourgeois historiography of jurists, economists and scholars understanding of utopian socialism class as Marx Engels of class division.

例句 2:
在半殖民地中国救亡的主题下,作为共产党员和马克思主义者,瞿秋白怀着改变现实的强烈愿望和革命热情去寻找思想武器,他运用历史唯物主义的范式,从生产资料的占有关系出发来考察社会成员的阶级属性的含义,指出生产力的发展和私有制的出现是阶级产生的基本原因,“物质生产机关”的分配导致了社会的阶级分化,阶级分化造成的社会不平等和阶级对立,引发代表新生产力的“新阶级”对旧的生产关系和旧制度进行革命,说明以革命的手段打破束缚社会生产力发展障碍、实现社会全面进步的合法性。——《中国共产党的阶级划分理论研究——以国民革命时期瞿秋白的探索为例》,中国人民大学硕士学位论文,2009
Under the main title of saving the semi-colonial China, Qu qiubai, as a Communist and Marxist owned strong dire of changing the reality and hot feeling to seek ideological weapon. By the paradigm of historical materialism, he analyzed the innovation of class characteristics of social members from the ownership of productive material, and stated that the fundamental reason of the rising of class is the development of productivity and the rising of private-ownership, that the divisions of production agency cause the divisions of class of the society, that the divisions of class bring about the social inequality and the contradiction of class and cause th

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