请输入您要查询的字词:

 

字词 演绎推理(又作逻辑推理)
释义

演绎推理(又作逻辑推理)【英】

deductive inference; deductive conclusion

译文来源

[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:585.
[2] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1987: 506.

定义

演绎推理,又称“外摘”、演绎法”,是指从一般性知识的前提出发,通过推导即演绎,得出具体陈述或个别性、特殊性知识结论的过程。演绎推理的特征在于,首先,演绎推理是从一般到特殊的推理,演绎推理的过程也是从一般性到特殊性。其次,演绎推理是前提蕴涵结论的推理。在演绎推理中,结论所涉及知识的范围至少不大于前提所涉及知识的范围,故其前提与结论间具有蕴涵关系。再有,演绎推理是前提与结论之间具有充分条件或充分必要条件联系的必然性推理。在演绎推理中,在推理形式合乎逻辑规则的条件下,由断定其前提的真必然可以推出其结论的真,若前提为真,则结论不可能为假,故演绎推理亦即必然性推理。演绎推理是严格的逻辑推理,一般表现为大前提、小前提、结论的三段论模式,即从两个反映客观世界对象的联系和关系的判断中得出新的判断的推理形式。演绎推理的基本要求:一是大、小前提的判断必须是真实的;二是推理过程必须符合正确的逻辑形式和规则。演绎推理结论的正确与否首先取决于大前提的正确与否,如果大前提错了,结论自然不会正确。演绎推理有三段论、选言推理、假言推理、关系推理等多种表现形式,“传统逻辑的三段论(直言推理)、运用直言命题变形法的直接推理和依据‘逻辑方阵’中命题间关系而进行的直接推理,以及各种关系推理、模态推理、联言推理、选言推理、假言推理等等,都属于演绎推理。”(金炳华,2003:585)。亚里士多德是主张进行有组织的研究演绎推理的第一人。演绎推理的逻辑形式对于理性的重要意义在于,它对人的思维保持严密性、一贯性有着不可替代的校正作用。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.

例句

1. 现在海克尔们带着自己的归纳法跑出来了,他们大吹大擂,似乎做了一件了不起的事情——反对黑格尔,说什么应当从个别上升到特殊,然后上升到普遍,应当从个体上升到种,然后再上升到属,而在这之后,才容许那应当继续下去的演绎推理!——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十卷)》,1973:569

1. And now the Haeckels come forward with their induction and trumpet it as a great fact–against Hegel–that progression must be from the individual to the particular and then to the universal(!), from the individual to the species and then to the genus–and then permit deductive conclusions which are supposed to lead further. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 506.

2. 一百年前,用归纳法发现了海虾和蜘蛛都是昆虫,而一切更低的动物都是蠕虫。现在用归纳法发现:这是荒谬的,并且有x类存在。这样,如果所谓归纳推理和以分类为基础的所谓演绎推理同样是可以错误的,那末所谓归纳推理的优越性又在什么地方呢?——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十卷)》,1973:569-570

2. By induction it was discovered 100 years ago that crayfish and spiders were insects and all lower animals were worms. By induction it has now been found that this is nonsense and there exist x classes. Wherein then lies the advantage of the so-called inductive conclusion, which can be just as false as the so-called deductive conclusion, the basis of which is nevertheless classification? -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 507.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
杜威关于科学探究模式的分析可简化为“数据—假设—结论”的过程,从数据到假设中使用的推理模式包括各种归纳推理和溯因推理,从假设到结论的检验过程使用的推理模式是演绎推理,它包括单调演绎推理和非单调演绎推理。基于对各种推理类型的重新研究,运用动态认知逻辑的观念、技术和方法,我们从信息输入和输出的角度对它们做出认知解释。——《科学探究推理研究》,西南大学博士学位论文,2012
The analysis of patterns of scientific inquiry provided by John Dewey can be simplified as the process from data to hypothesis and then to conclusion. The process from data to hypothesis uses inferential modes including various types of inductive reasoning and abductive reasoning. Inferential patterns used in the process from hypothesis to conclusion are modes of deduction, including both monotonic and non-monotonic reasoning. Based on the analysis of various types of reasoning, and by using concepts, technologies and ideas from dynamic epistemic logic, we give cognitive interpretations for them from the perspective of information input and output.

例句 2:
第二部分主要涉及刑法推理的一些基本方法,指出演绎推理在刑法推理中的主导性地位。——《刑法适用中的推理研究》,西南政法大学硕士学位论文,2008
In the second part the author mainly discusses a set of basic methods in reasoning of criminal law and points out deductive reasoning is the primary method.

例句 3:
其次,阐述了税法适用之基本方法——演绎推理。以税收法定主义原则为指引的税法适用所主要采取的方法当为演绎推理。——《税法适用之矛盾辩思》,吉林大学硕士学位论文,2005
Secondly, the inference and deduction, the basic method of the application of the tax law is dealt with. The infer

随便看

 

汉译英翻译词典收录46835条汉英翻译词条,基本涵盖了全部常用中文字词的英语拼写、翻译、音标、读音、用法、例句等,是英语学习的有利工具。

 

Copyright © 2004-2024 Newdu.com All Rights Reserved
更新时间:2024/11/5 10:58:35