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字词 功利主义思想(又作效益主义,边沁主义)
释义

功利主义思想(又作效益主义,边沁主义)【英】

utilitarianism

译文来源

Zhang Yibing. A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek [M]. Berlin: Canut International Publishers, 2011: 221.

定义

功利主义的思想起源于18世纪的欧洲,崇尚个人追求最大快乐,认为社会利益与个人私利是一致的,通过个人追求最大快乐,最终实现社会的最大多数人的最大幸福。功利主义的集大成者是英国学者边沁(J·Bentyam),因此功利主义又经常称为边沁主义。
 边沁主义对经济学的发展有着很深的影响。它主张个人主义立场,主张以数量明确个人的快乐和痛苦,要求实行自由放任的经济政策,实现最大多数人的最大幸福。早期的边际主义者在阐述效用问题时就是从感觉快乐的角度出发的,边际效用递减法则在边沁分析货币问题时也清楚地提到。此外,福利经济学也具有很强的功利主义意义,测算个人欲望的满足程度,其分析与边沁的方法相近。
 功利主义的理论也受到许多学者的反对。例如,功利主义者认为个人追求私利,最终与社会利益是一致的。但事实上个人私利与社会利益并不一致,要获得最大多数人的最大幸福,经常需要放弃个人私利的追求,如果人性是利己的,最大多数人的最大幸福就无从实现。再如,功利主义者认为效用可以用技术方法计量,但许多学者认为个人快乐是无法精确计量的,从而也无法进行效用大小的比较(刘伟,1994:115)。

定义来源

刘伟.经济学大辞典[Z].团结出版社,1994.

例句

1. 显而易见,莫斯的思想在法国理论界一路披靡、应声遍野,这种声势在上一世纪80年代达到巅峰,其时法国社会学家卡耶竟至发起了一场卷入人数甚众的跨学科“莫斯运动”(“在社会科学中反对功利主义的运动”)。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2011:157

1. As a matter of fact, Mauss’s thought was well accepted wherever it spread in the French academia. His fame reached the summit in the 1980s, when a handful of French sociologists launched a famous interdisciplinary Movement of Anti-Utilitarianism in Social Science, in a word, “MAUSS”. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 221.

2. 早在上世纪20年代中叶,巴塔耶就在与超现实主义的交往中以拥戴著名色情作家萨德思想的“低下”异质性而区别于那种超现实的精英主义。有理由相信,巴塔耶的哲学思想从一开始就走上了一种反对精英主义的草根性逻辑。那时,不同于占有和功利主义的世俗社会的无效用的“排泄”和异质性宗教生活已经成为巴塔耶思考的焦点。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2011:158

2. As early as in the mid-1920s he had communicated with the surrealists, but Bataille kept off their elitism. He supported the “vulgar” heterogeneity of the famous pornographic writer Marquis de Sade. (It is reasonable to believe that Bataille’s philosophy gets on with an anti-elitist grassrootsism from the very beginning.) At that time, Bataille already focused on the nonuseful secular “excretion” in a society of possession and utilitarianism as well as the heterogeneous religious life. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 221.

3. 物(商品)对其自身位置的信仰(the thing (commodities) themselves believe in their place)取代了主体的信仰:本该由理性的、功利主义的人格加以超越的所有的信仰、迷信和形而上学的神秘性现在似乎又体现在“物与物之间的社会关系”中,主体不再信仰,但物本身替他们信仰。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2011:395

3. The things (commodities) themselves believe in their place, instead of the subjects: it is as if all their beliefs, superstitions and metaphysical mystifications, supposedly surmounted by the rational, utilitarian personality, are embodied in the “social relations between things”. They no longer believe, but things themselves believe for them. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 506.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
从十九世纪中叶到二十世纪六十年代,功利主义理论一直是西方政治哲学的主流。——《当代功利主义正义观研究》,吉林大学博士学位论文,2011
Utilitarian theory had been the mainstream of Western political philosophy from the  mid-nineteenth century to the sixties of twentieth century.

例句 2:
随着罗尔斯《正义论》的发表,越来越多的人开始展开对功利主义政治哲学的激烈批评,功利主义也逐渐丧失了其主流地位。——《当代功利主义正义观研究》,吉林大学博士学位论文,2011
However, more and more people begun to criticize the political philosophy of  utilitarianism since John Rawls’ great work A Theory of Justice’s publication, and  utilitarianism has gradually lost its mainstream status.

例句 3:
作为英国新黑格尔主义的马克思主义的主要代表,塞耶斯从人性与历史辩证互动入手,并受马克思的历史唯物主义人性论启发,对功利主义从哲学基础实践方式的质疑、预期目的上提出了深刻的批判,从而间接地回应了一些人对历史唯物主义。——“塞耶斯从马克思主义人性论角度对功利主义的批判”,载于《马克思主义研究》2016年03期
As Britain’s famous new Heglian Marxist, Sayers has offered profound critique on utilitarianism in recent years. Upholding and developing Marxist theory on human nature, Sayers adopts an approach of dialectical interaction between human nature and hi stor , and offers a critique of utilitairanism with regard to its phylosophical foundation forms of practice and objectices , thus indirectly responding to some challenges to historical materialism.

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更新时间:2024/7/1 13:07:05