交换关系【英】

relationship of exchange; exchange relationship

译文来源

Zhang Yibing. Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 24, 33.

定义

交换关系指人们在生产活动中互相交换劳动或劳动产品的关系，是人的社会关系或经济关系的一个方面，社会再生产过程的中间环节。具体过程中，交换劳动是交换关系的实质内容，交换产品是交换关系的表现形式。交换劳动是所有社会形态中都存在的社会关系。任何社会形态中的物质生产都是社会生产，社会生产一定要进行分工，分工导致个人和个别群体生产活动专门化，专门化的生产活动只能满足人的某一方面的需要，而人的需要是多方面的、复杂的，并且任何类别的专门化活动都不能孤立地进行，所以，不同的个人、不同的群体必须相互交换各自的特殊劳动，以便弥补分工和专门化带来的不足。在原始社会，劳动产品没有剩余，交换以互换活动的直接形式表现出来。进入阶级社会后，随着剩余产品的增多和社会分工的发展，产品交换逐步代替了直接性劳动交换。产品进入交换领域便成了商品，产品交换的表现形式是商品交换。商品交换是物质生产的一个必经阶段，是联结生产和分配、消费的中间环节。在生产和交换的关系上，生产决定交换，交换又影响着生产，没有生产，交换就无从谈起。没有交换，生产也就无法持续进行。（李淮春，1996：287）。在资本主义制度下，不仅一切劳动产品都成了商品，而且连人的劳动力也成了商品，商品交换实质上是实现剩余价值的过程，商品交换关系反映了资本对雇佣劳动的剥削关系。（廖盖隆，孙连成，陈有进，1993：330）。

定义来源

[1] 李淮春.马克思主义哲学全书[Z].中国人民大学出版社，1996.
[2] 孙连成，陈有进.马克思主义百科要览上卷 [Z].人民日报出版社，1993.

例句

1. 斯密从交换关系中指认出来的劳动价值论，实际上是社会存在本质论即社会关系。后来马克思终于自觉地意识到，社会化了的抽象劳动，首先是在工业进程和商品一市场经济关系中客观实现的。但在此我特别提醒读者，由于斯密理论的现实社会基础还是资产阶级社会早期手工业生产这一特定阶段，此时资产阶级社会经济体系还处于早期市场交换的建构进程之中，所以人与人的社会关系还没有完全表现为彻底的社会化和物化的形态。­­——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009：51

1. Ultimately, Smith’s labor theory of value, derived from exchange relationships, is in fact a theory of the essence of social existence—a theory of social relations. Later, Marx expounded upon Smith’s idea when he intuitively realized that socialized abstract labor was objectively realized in industrial progress and commodity market relations. Here I must remind my readers that because the social foundation of Smith’s theories in reality was still confined to the early artisanal production of bourgeois society, because the bourgeois socio-economic system in his time was still in the structural progression phase of early market exchange. As such, social relations had not yet become thoroughly socialized and materialized. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 24.

2. 我们不难发现，李嘉图这里隐喻性的生产关系实际上就是指生产价值的资本的关系，“资本只有作为一种关系”，才生产价值。请注意，这一点和第一、二层级社会唯物主义中的通过交换关系所建构出的社会关系是不一样的，这是在理论深度上重要的异质之点。我们还必须意识到，其实李嘉图的这种社会唯物主义经济决定论也正是资产阶级意识形态中三大拜物教最重要的基础。这是极为重要的一个逻辑指认。­­——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：61

2. It is not hard for us to see that Ricardo’s veiled metaphor for the relations of production referred to the relations of productive value capital. Only as a relationship does capital generate value. This understanding is fundamentally dissimilar to the assertion found in the first two levels of social materialism, that social relations are made up of relations of exchange. We must understand this point of distinction in terms of theoretical depth. Another extremely important logical identification of which we must be conscious is this: Ricardo’s social materialism and economic determinism are the most important basis for the three great fetishisms found in bourgeois ideology. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 33.

3. 在这里，青年马克思从社会关系异化直接提升出人的本质异化之根源是劳动活动的畸变，这种观点意味着青年马克思人本主义异化史观的最初建立。用马克思此时的话来说，即“交换关系的前提是劳动成为直接谋生的劳动”马克思在这里探讨的是劳动异化的经济学本质。在此时的马克思看来，劳动虽然是人的生活来源，但它的目的本来应该是劳动者的“个人存在的积极实现”，是他个人的“自我享受”，以及劳动者本人的“天然禀赋和精神目的的实现”。这是马克思第一次对劳动所做的本真性规定。­­——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：185

3. In this step, young Marx started from the alienation of social relations, directly discerning that the root of the alienation of the human essence was the mutation of labor activity. The appearance of this view marked the beginning of the establishment of young Marx’s humanist alienation conception of history. To use Marx’s own words, “The relationship of exchange being presupposed, labour becomes directly labor to earn a living.” What Marx is investigating here is the economic nature of labor alienation. In Marx’s opinion at this time, though labor is the source of man’s subsistence, it is also “the manifestation of his individual existence,” his individual “self-enjoyment,” as well as the laborer’s “realisation of his natural abilities and spiritual aims.” This is the first time that Marx establishes a law for the authenticity of labor. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 137.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
随着西方市场经济的产生和发展，思想家们开始关注经济关系和生产劳动，他们把人与人的关系理解为单纯的商品交换关系，在物质生产领域商品交换形式的基础上论证普遍的自由、平等，从资产阶级市民社会入手，论证个人利益和普遍利益的统一。——“论马克思自由平等观的变革”，载于《教学与研究》2008年第6期
With the rise and growth of the market economy in the west, theorists have directed their attention to economic relations and labor. They define human relations merely in the sense of commodity exchange. Based on this understanding, they argue for general freedom and equality, and for integration of individual interests and common interests from the perspective of the capitalist civil society.

例句 2：
马克思这一分析思路的关键之处在于从历史进程上区分两种不同质的经济交换关系，即由简单商品交换到资本主义商品交换，前者是物与物的交换，后者则包含着劳动力的商品化过程。——“马克思早期批判思路的形成路径——自由与平等、公平与正义：理念与现实的悖论”，载于《中国人民大学学报》2016年第3期
The key of Marxist thinking lies in the distinguishing of two essentially different economic exchange relationships, that is, the simple commercial exchange developed into capitalist commercial exchange. The former is goods to goods, while the latter includes the commercializing of labor.

例句 3：
人类交换生存特征的活动延伸必然是交换活动，交换活动的社会联系必然是社会交换关系，社会交换关系即社会的本质。——“社会的交换本质——交换哲学观之三”，载于《太原师范学院学报（社会科学版）》2011年第5期
The extension of human characteristics of exchanging existence is inevitably the exchanging activities, whose social bond is inevitably the social exchange relations which is the essence of the society.