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字词 长期与短期
释义

长期与短期【英】

long run and short run

译文来源

[1] 刘伟,梁小民,雎国余,杨云龙.经济学大辞典[Z].团结出版社,1994:50.
[2] long run and short run. via:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_run_and_short_run

定义

长期与短期的概念在经济学的厂商理论中经常使用,这两个概念用来表示一种时间长度,在这一时间长度内一个厂商有机会改变其决策,这两个概念对于研究市场对变化的条件作出反应的情况是重要的。短期与长期的概念都是相对的,没有什么绝对的时间长度来区分长期与短期。所谓短期是指厂商为适应市场变化而变更产量,需要变动要素投入量,但在这段时间内厂商无法变更所有的要素,而只能变动某些要素量。例如,厂商预测在未来一个较短的时期内市场对于自己产品的需求量扩大。但短期内厂商的厂房设备是固定的,无法扩大,厂商只能变动劳动、原材料等要素投入量。对于厂商来说,凡是某些要素固定不变,而只能变动另一些要素的一段时期都是短期。所谓长期,是指在这段时期厂商投入的所有要素包括厂房设备等都可以变化。例如,某厂商预测市场对于它的产品的需求量大幅度增加,并将长期持续下去,那么厂商将通过扩大生产规模来扩大产量。厂商可以扩建厂房、增加设备以满足市场对于其产品的需求。可以说,在长期内不存在任何固定的要素。在厂商的生产函数与成本函数的分析中都引进了长期与短期的概念。短期生产函数中,存在着固定的要素投入,产出的变化随变动要素投入的变化而变化。长期的生产函数中所有投入都会变化,产出变化是全部要素投入变化的结果,短期的成本函数有固定成本与变动成本之分,长期的成本函数不存在这种区别(刘伟等,1994:50)。

定义来源

刘伟,梁小民,雎国余,杨云龙.经济学大辞典[Z].团结出版社,1994.

例句

1. 但是,对于像勒鲁、孔西得朗的著作,特别是对于蒲鲁东的机智的著作,决不能根据肤浅的、片刻的想象去批判,只有在长期持续的、深入的研究之后才能加以批判,——关于这一点,如果奥格斯堡女人想要得到比美妙动听的空话更多的东西,如果她具有比说美妙动听的空话更多的才能,那她也会承认的。我们对待类似的理论著作所以要更加慎重,还因为我们不同意奥格斯堡报的观点:它不是在柏拉图那里,而是在自己一个不知名的熟人那里找到了共产主义思想的“现实性”。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第一卷)》,1960:295

1. But if the lady of Augsburg demanded more, and was capable of more, than smooth-sounding phrases, it would be obvious to her that such writings as those of Leroux, Considérant, and above all the sharp-witted work by Proudhon cannot be criticised on the basis of superficial flashes of thought, but only after long and profound study. We must take such theoretical works the more seriously because we do not agree with the Augsburg newspaper, which finds the "reality" of communist ideasnot in Plato, but in its obscure acquaintance, who was not without merit in some fields of scientific research. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1975: 220.

2. 主要从巴黎流氓无产阶级中召募来的别动队,由于薪俸优厚,在短期内就成了每次都替当权者卖命的御用军。被组织起来的流氓无产阶级反对未组织起来的劳动无产阶级。果然不出所料,象那不勒斯的流浪汉供斐迪南驱使一样,巴黎的流氓无产阶级甘愿供资产阶级驱使。只有由真正的工人组成的那部分别动队转到起义者方面来了。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第五卷)》,1958:151

2. The mobile guard, which was mostly recruited from the Paris lumpen proletariat, has already during its brief period of existence, thanks to good pay, transformed itself into the praetorian guard of whoever was in power. The organised lumpen proletariat has given battle to the unorganised working proletariat. It has, as was to be expected, placed itself at the disposal of the bourgeoisie, just as the lazzaroni in Naples placed themselves at the disposal of Ferdinand. Only those detachments of the mobile guard that consisted of real workers changed sides. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 7), 1977: 142.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
20世纪 80 年代以后,世界大豆出口市场上形成美国、巴西与阿根廷的寡头垄断格局,我国由1996 年前的净出口国和最大生产国之一转为如今世界最大的净进口国。本文对这种贸易格局的演变和原因以及这些寡头的策略行为进行了分析,并针对我国长期与短期策略选择进行了探讨。——“世界大豆贸易格局的演变及对我国的启示”,载于《国际贸易问题》,2008年第6期
In the 1980s, it’s evident that the United States, Brazil and Argentina were the three largest exporters in the world soybean market. Meanwhile, China, one of the former net exporters and the largest producer before 1996, has gradually become the biggest soybean importer in the world today. This paper mainly tries to investigate how the world soybean market has been changed, why the three exporters have become the oligopolies, and how they have behaved. The long-run and short-run strategies China should choose are also discussed.

例句 2:
汇率波动是否会影响贸易出口,从历史文献看存在完全相反的观点。本文利用季度数据,考察中国1994年外汇管理体制改革后,人民币汇率波动和中美贸易出口的关系。使用自回归条件异方差(ARCH)模型描述汇率波动,多元ARDL模型,运用边限协整检验说明汇率波动与贸易出口长期与短期影响关系。结论表明:从中美贸易的实证结果看,汇率波动对贸易出口无明显影响,而国内的产出水平和价格变动影响着贸易出口。——“人民币汇率波动与贸易出口——基于边限协整检验的分析”,载于《西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版)》,2007年第4期
Whether the exchange rate can influence trade exports, from the literature review, there are contradictive views. The paper investigates Renminbi the relationship between exchange rate and trade exports using the quarterly data after the exchange rate reform in 1994.The exchange rate volatility is described by ARCH mo

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