费力最小原则（又作思维经济原则）【英】

the principle of minimum expenditure of effortthe principle of the economy of thoughtthe principle of least effort

译文来源

[1] Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 14) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977: 28.
[2] Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 14) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977: 172.
[3] principle of least effort. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_effort
[4] via：http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA04506526

定义

费力最小原则（principle of least exertion）是阿芬那留斯提出的用最简单的方法来描述经验的关系的认识论原则，与马赫提出的“思维经济原则”相似。与人们在活动中总要采取费力最小的手段一样，人们在认识中也应当如此。阿芬那留斯认为，哲学思维就是按照费力最小原则对纯粹经验的描述,以最小的气力记述最多的经验材料。“科学理论不是对客观世界及其规律的正确反映，而是对感觉经验的描述，它描述经验之间相似和先后的关系，因果联系、实体原则是费力的描述形式，应予取消”。（费力最小原则.via: http://book.duxiu.com/EncyDetail.jsp?dxid=900006136219&d=E0CC0D77AD4A741B5A0F6A3F015ABEAB）阿芬那留斯进一步指出，“费力最小的标准是心理物理反应的合理性或满意感。人的中枢神经活动是按照省力原则进行的，人的认识过程就是一个恢复心理平衡的活动，最为省力的思维最容易获得满足感，达到心理平衡。他又从心理学和生理学的角度对费力最小原则进行了证明。阿芬那留斯的费力最小原则，从目的和手段的角度来看，是非常容易被接受的。手段是为了达到目的，在一切手段中最好的手段自然是费力最小而又能达到目的的手段。但用于解释学理论和思维本质，就会取消了因果性原则和实体原则，进而认为科学的任务不是用因果关系来解释现象，而是用最‘经济的’、最‘简单的’方法去整理纯粹经验”。（费力最小原则.via: http://book.duxiu.com/EncyDetail.jsp?dxid=900005428055&d=EB6D2E9975B6F5F5276DF3B466089150 ）

定义来源

[1] 费力最小原则.via: http://book.duxiu.com/EncyDetail.jsp?dxid=900006136219&d=E0CC0D77AD4A741B5A0F6A3F015ABEAB
[2] 费力最小原则.via: http://book.duxiu.com/EncyDetail.jsp?dxid=900005428055&d=EB6D2E9975B6F5F5276DF3B466089150

例句

1. “物质一旦被逐出自然界，就会带走很多怀疑论的和渎神的看法，带走无数的争论和纠缠不清的问题<马赫在19世纪70年代发现的“思维经济原则”！1876年阿芬那留斯发现的“哲学——按照费力最小的原则对世界的思维”！〉，这些争论和问题使神学家和哲学家如坐针毡。物质使人类费了那么多无谓的劳动，因此，即使我们提出来反驳物质的那些论据没有被认为是有充分说服力的（而我则认为它们是十分清楚的），我还是相信，真理、和平和宗教之友都有理由希望这些论据被认为是这样的。”——《列宁全集（第十八卷）》，1988：19-20

1. “Matter being once expelled out of nature drags with it so many sceptical and impious notions, such an incredible number of disputes and puzzling questions [“the principle of economy of thought”, discovered by Mach in the seventies, philosophy as a conception of the world according to the principle of minimum expenditure of effort”—Avenarius in 1876!] which have been thorns in the sides of divines as well as philosophers, and made so much fruitless work for mankind, that if the arguments we have produced against it are not found equal to demonstration (as to me they evidently seem), yet I am sure all friends to knowledge peace, and religion have reason to wish they were”. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 14), 1977: 28.

2. 可见，把这个著名“原则”引入哲学的这两部主要著作都贯穿着唯心主义！为什么这样说呢？因为，如果真的把思维经济原则当作“认识论的基础”，那么这个原则只能导致主观唯心主义，不能导致其他任何东西。——《列宁全集（第十八卷）》，1988：174

2. Thus, both the fundamental works which introduced this famous “principle” into philosophy expound idealism! What is the reason for this? The reason is that if the principle of economy of thought is really made “the basis of the theory of knowledge”, it can lead to nothing but subjective idealism. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 14), 1977: 170.

3. 唯心主义者冯特根据这个“思维经济原则”，很恰当地把马赫叫作“翻了一个面的康德”（《系统哲学》1907年莱比锡版第128页）。在康德那里是先验和经验。在马赫那里则是经验和先验，因为思维经济原则在马赫那里实质上是先验的（第130页）。——《列宁全集（第十八卷）》，1988：176

3. In connection with the “principle of the economy of thought”, the idealist Wundt very aptly characterised Mach as “Kant turned inside out” (Systematische Philosophie, Leipzig, 1907, S. 128). Kant has a priori and experience, Mach has experience and a priori, for Mach’s principle of the economy of thought is essentially apriorist (130). -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 14), 1977: 172